Table 4.

Probiotic assessment of LAB isolated from aguamiel and pulque.

Source and identity of studied LAB	Resistance to in vitro gastrointestinal exposition conditions	Other relevant in vitro or in vivo activity	References
Lactobacillus brevis isolated from pulque	This isolate strain showed 60% relative survival after acid exposition (pH 1.5), and 50–55% relative survival to simulated gastric acid exposition (pH 2.0). Bile tolerance to 0.3% taourocholic acid < 80%. Incubation conditions assayed: 4 h, 37°	Resistance to cefepime antibiotic, higher activity of bile salt hydrolase in MRS supplemented with 0.5% of taourocholic acid (671.72 U/mg protein)	González-Vázquez et al., 2015
Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides isolated from aguamiel (four strains)	Isolates showed < 50% survival to acid exposition (pH 2, 3 h, 37°C). Bile tolerance to 0.5% oxgall (4 h, 37°C)	All strains showed resistance to dicloxacillin, pefloxacin, trimethoprim, ceftazidime antibiotics. In vitro antimicrobial activity of cell-free supernatants against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Bacterial adherence to mice intestinal mucosa	Castro-Rodríguez et al., 2015
Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. brevis, L. composti, L. sanfranciscensis isolated from pulque (14 isolates)	Two assayed strains showed >80% survival to lysozyme exposition. Three assayed strains showed > 80% survival to both acid pH (2.5) and 0.3% bile salts exposition. Exposition conditions assayed: 3 h, 37°C	Low binding capacity to HT-29 cells (~0.3%, best result) and to HT-29-MTX cells (10.78%, best result). In both assays, the binding capacity of isolated LAB was higher than control strain (L. casei BL23). Isolate identified as L. sanfranciscensis improve mice health by reduction of weight loss, significant decreases in gut permeability and anti-inflammatory effect by blocking the secretion of cytokines	Torres-Maravilla et al., 2016
Lactobacillus brevis and L. collinoides isolated from aguamiel (14 isolates)	Resistant to an in vitro model simulating gastrointestinal conditions	Capable of dissociating conjugated bile salts by the presence of diverse bile salt hydrolases. Some isolates were resistant to dicloxacillin, pefloxacin and ceftazidime antibiotics. The isolated strain of L. brevis Lb9H showed in vivo protective effect of liver damage associated with the prevention of ALTa activity and preventing the intoxication by LPS+D-GalNb, indicator of lipid peroxidation	Reyes-Naya et al., 2016
L. mesentreoides strain P45 isolated from pulque	Resistance to lysozyme exposition 70% (2 h, 37°C). 100% resistance to 0.3% and 1% bile salts exposition (4 h, 37°C). ~75% resistance to acid exposition (pH 2.5, 5 h, 37°C). This strain showed remarkable resistance to combined acid (pH 2.5) and bile salt (0.3%) exposition for 24 h, 37°C	In vitro antimicrobial activity against enteropathogenic E. coli, S. enterica serovar Typimurium, S. enterica serovar Typhi and L. monocytogenes in cell-to-cell assays (LAB-pathogen), cell-free supernatants assays and EPS-producing cell-to-cell assays (LAB-pathogen). In vivo assays showed that administration of strain P45 is associated with an important decrement in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in liver and spleen in BALB/c female and male mice	Giles-Gómez et al., 2016

^aSerum alanine transferase.

^bLipopolysaccharide + D-Galactosamine.