Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios¶ and corresponding 95% confidence intervals of changes occurring in using drugs in early or young adulthood among respondents participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), 1994–2008.
| Early adulthooda |
Young adulthoodb |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana |
Illegal drug use |
Cocaine |
Marijuana |
Illegal drugs |
Cocaine |
|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Exposure changes in Waves 1–2 | ||||||
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| Non-smokers | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Persistent smokers | 1.96 (1.56, 2.45) | 0.87 (0.57, 1.28) | 1.28 (0.79, 2.08) | 1.47 (1.17, 1.83) | 3.28 (2.73, 3.94) | 3.70 (3.09, 4.44) |
| New onset | 3.48 (1.22, 9.91) | 6.73 (1.39, 32.61) | 1.31 (0.28, 6.08) | 0.67 (0.27, 1.69) | 1.27 (0.59, 2.70) | 1.54 (0.76, 3.11) |
| Quitters | 0.99 (0.71, 1.38) | 0.29 (0.11, 0.78) | 0.39 (0.16, 0.95) | 0.91 (0.64, 1.28) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Non-users | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Heavy drinkers | 1.69 (1.21, 2.37) | 0.45 (0.24, 0.86) | 1.88 (0.92, 3.85) | 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) | 1.93 (1.45, 2.57) | 1.56 (1.20, 2.04) |
| Moderate users | 1.30 (0.73, 2.32) | 0.28 (0.11, 0.70) | 0.99 (0.30, 3.24) | 0.69 (0.38, 1.22) | 1.96 (1.22, 3.13) | 1.86 (1.18, 2.94) |
| Fluctuate/relapse | 1.18 (0.92, 1.92) | 0.45 (0.16, 1.27) | 0.89 (0.24, 3.24) | 0.59 (0.35, 0.98) | 1.33 (0.85, 2.09) | 0.49 (0.30, 0.80) |
| Marijuana use | ||||||
| Non-users | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–19 | 1.05 (0.59, 1.87) | 1.31 (0.49, 3.55) | 1.41 (0.38, 5.22) | 2.50 (1.45, 4.31) | 2.14 (1.30, 3.52) | 2.50 (1.45, 4.31) |
| ≥ 20 | 0.73 (0.28, 1.90) | 0.92 (0.20, 4.21) | 0.35 (0.06, 2.17) | 1.20 (0.50, 2.86) | 8.07 (4.10, 15.90) | 1.20 (0.50, 2.86) |
| Irregular (1 or ≥ 20) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.64) | 1.78 (0.82, 3.87) | 0.89 (0.36, 2.18) | 1.47 (1.02, 2.13) | 1.94 (1.37, 2.74) | 1.47 (1.02, 2.13) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Add Health.
CES-D is Center for Epidemiologic Study of Depression Scale.
§Initial drug use refers to use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana (gateway drugs) at baseline of the study, in the early adolescence. Reference group is non-users of a particular gateway drug at the respective developmental stage.
Adjusted for the following covariates at different exposures: age, gender, race,
Young adulthood (age groups 19-23 years).
Older adulthood (age groups 24-33 years).