Table 3.

Association between leisure-time activity and psychological distress.

Variables	Men						Women
Crude ORa	95% CI	p Value	Adjusted ORb, c	95% CI	p Value	Crude ORa	95% CI	p Value	Adjusted ORb, c	95% CI	p Value
Volunteer activity
Never	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Sometimes	0.48	0.31–0.75	0.001	0.82	0.50–1.34	0.430	0.57	0.38–0.86	0.008	0.89	0.58–1.38	0.607
Habitually	0.57	0.31–1.04	0.066	1.27	0.66–2.46	0.479	0.33	0.14–0.74	0.007	0.71	0.30–1.65	0.421
p Value for trendd	0.002			0.867			< 0.001			0.505
Physical activity
Never	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Sometimes	0.53	0.33–0.85	0.008	0.75	0.45–1.24	0.263	0.27	0.13–0.56	< 0.001	0.33	0.16–0.69	0.003
Habitually	0.32	0.15–0.69	0.004	0.45	0.20–1.01	0.053	0.07	0.01–0.47	0.007	0.09	0.01–0.68	0.019
p Value for trendd	< 0.001			0.023			< 0.001			< 0.001
Outdoor leisure activity
Never	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Sometimes	0.42	0.28–0.63	< 0.001	0.52	0.33–0.80	0.003	0.60	0.44–0.82	0.001	0.67	0.48–0.94	0.021
Habitually	0.26	0.17–0.40	< 0.001	0.38	0.23–0.63	< 0.001	0.29	0.20–0.43	< 0.001	0.39	0.25–0.59	< 0.001
p Value for trendd	< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001
Art activity
Never	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Sometimes	0.59	0.37–0.93	0.023	0.82	0.50–1.34	0.420	0.61	0.43–0.89	0.009	0.78	0.53–1.16	0.223
Habitually	0.39	0.19–0.80	0.010	0.55	0.26–1.17	0.118	0.34	0.18–0.63	0.001	0.60	0.32–1.13	0.112
p Value for trendd	0.001			0.200			< 0.001			0.123

OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.

^aThe associations between each leisure-time activity and psychological distress were analyzed using a logistic model.

^bThe associations between leisure-time activities and psychological distress were analyzed using a logistic model. All four leisure-time activity variables were included in the model simultaneously.

^cAdjusted for sex, living alone, marital status, employment status, educational background.

^dMultiple regression analysis was used by assigning dummy variables of 0, 1, and 2 to frequency of each leisure-time activity.