Table 1.
Overview of studies.
| Study | Location | School | Design | Intervention duration | Sample (n) | Age, years. Mean (SD) | Total study groups | Intervention groups | Control groups | Standing desk | Extra equipment | Adjusted for user? | Standing desk per participant? | Main outcome | Secondary outcomes | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benden et al. (2011) | Texas, USA | E | RCT pilot | 5 months | 58 | 6–7 | 5 | 2 (+ 1 WGC) | 2 (+ 1 WGC) | Artco-bell, Temple, TX | Stool | Y | Y | EE | ST, FSD, CB | Low |
| Benden et al. (2012) | Texas, USA | E | WST | 5 months | 9 | 6–8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Archetype, Artco-bell, Temple, TX | Stool | NS | Y | EE | S | Low |
| Benden et al. (2014) | Texas, USA | E | CT | 5 months | 326 | 8.5 7–10 |
8 | 4 | 4 | Stand2Learn LLC college station, TX, USA | stool | NS | NS | EE | S | Low |
| Benden et al. (2013) | Texas, USA | E | RCT | Single time point | 42 | 7–9 | 4 | 2 | 2 | Archetype, Artco-bell, Temple, TX | Stool | Y | Y | P | C | Low |
| Hinckson et al. (2013) | Auckland, NZ | E | CT | 4 weeks | 30 | 10 (1) | 3 | 2 | 1 | Work station (Ghanghao Furniture Factory, China) | Exercise balls and mats | Y | N | ST, SG, S, SSC | PN, F, FSD | Low |
| Koepp et al. (2012) | Idaho, USA | E | RMT, pilot | 5 months | 8 | 11.3 (0.5) 11–12 |
1 | 1 | 0 | VisualEd Tech, Wharton, NJ | Stool | Y | Y | S | CB, C | Low |
| Lanningham-Foster (2008) | Minnesota, USA | E | WST | 12 weeks | 40 | 10 (1) 9–11 |
1 | 1 | 1 | NS | Anti-fatigue mats | Y | N | PA | – | Low |
| Clemes et al. (2015) | Bradford, UK/Victoria, AUZ | E | CT/RCT | 9/10 weeks | 40/44 | 9–10 10 (0.3)/11–12 11.6 (0.5) |
2/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 | Ergotron WorkFit-PD | NS | NS | N/Y | SG | ST, S, SPT | Low/medium |
| Aminian et al. (2015) | Auckland, NZ | E | CT | 5 months | 26 | 9–11 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Work station (Ghanghao Furniture Factory, China) | Exercise balls and mats | Y | Y | ST, SG | S, SSC, SPT, CB, PN, ADHD | Low |
| Dornhecker et al. (2015) | NS | E | CT | 5 months | 282 | 7–10 | NS | NS | NS. n = 124 | NS | Stools | Y | NS | CB | - | Low |
E = elementary; RCT = randomised control trial; WST = within-subject control trial; CT = control trial; RMT = repeated measures trial; NS = not stated; WGC = within group comparison; EE = energy expenditure; ST = standing time; FSD = feasibility of standing desks; CB = classroom behaviour; S = steps; P = posture; C = comfort; SG = sitting; SSC = sit-to-stand counts; PN = pain; F = fatigue; PA = physical activity; SPT = stepping time; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.