Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants and Mothers by Maternal Gestational Diabetes Status and Pregravid Body Mass Index, CYGNET, San Francisco, California, 2005–2012
| Characteristic | GDM Status |
Pregravid BMIa |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No GDM |
GDM |
<25.0 |
25.0–<30 |
≥30.0 |
|||||||||||
| No. | % | Mean (SD) | No. | % | Mean (SD) | No. | % | Mean (SD) | No. | % | Mean (SD) | No. | % | Mean (SD) | |
| Mother-daughter pairs | 390 | 94 | 27 | 6 | 68 | 18 | 104 | 27 | 55 | 214 | |||||
| Girls’ characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Age, years | |||||||||||||||
| 6 | 93 | 97 | 3 | 3 | 49 | 53 | 24 | 26 | 19 | 21 | |||||
| 7 | 291 | 92 | 24 | 8 | 162 | 56 | 79 | 27 | 48 | 17 | |||||
| 8 | 6 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 60 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 20 | |||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| White | 170 | 94 | 10 | 6 | 118b | 70 | 31 | 18 | 20 | 12 | |||||
| Asian | 47 | 92 | 4 | 8 | 42 | 81 | 9 | 17 | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Latina | 91 | 91 | 9 | 9 | 32 | 38 | 35 | 42 | 17 | 20 | |||||
| African-American | 82 | 95 | 4 | 5 | 22 | 27 | 29 | 36 | 30 | 37 | |||||
| Tanner stage 2+ | |||||||||||||||
| Breast development | 28 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 12 | |||||
| Pubic hair | 29 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 9b | 4 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 15 | |||||
| Girl's BMI | |||||||||||||||
| Normal-weight (<25) | 284 | 95 | 15 | 5 | 171b | 61 | 68 | 24 | 40 | 14 | |||||
| Overweight (25–<30) | 54 | 90 | 6 | 10 | 27 | 49 | 18 | 33 | 10 | 18 | |||||
| Obese (≥30) | 52 | 90 | 6 | 10 | 16 | 31 | 18 | 35 | 18 | 35 | |||||
| % body fat | 18.9 (8.7) | 21 (10.5) | 17.5b (8.1) | 20.0 (9.7) | 21.3 (9.5) | ||||||||||
| Waist:height ratio | 0.49c (0.05) | 0.51 (0.05) | 0.48b (0.04) | 0.49 (0.06) | 0.50 (0.06) | ||||||||||
| Birth weight, g | 3,373 (539) | 3,396 (849) | 3,335 (546) | 3,415 (535) | 3,458 (690) | ||||||||||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Age at delivery, years | 32.6 (5.9) | 33.0 (5.0) | 33.4 (5.2) | 32.5 (5.8) | 30.7 (7.2) | ||||||||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| High school diploma or less | 63c | 86 | 10 | 14 | 26b | 46 | 16 | 29 | 14 | 25 | |||||
| Some college | 109 | 94 | 7 | 6 | 41 | 37 | 39 | 35 | 30 | 27 | |||||
| College degree/university | 127 | 96 | 5 | 4 | 86 | 67 | 27 | 21 | 16 | 12 | |||||
| Postgraduate study | 84 | 94 | 5 | 6 | 57 | 68 | 20 | 24 | 7 | 8 | |||||
| Annual household income | |||||||||||||||
| <$50,000 | 76 | 93 | 6 | 7 | 23b | 32 | 24 | 33 | 26 | 36 | |||||
| ≥$50,000 | 313 | 94 | 21 | 6 | 191 | 61 | 80 | 26 | 41 | 13 | |||||
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; CYGNET, Cohort Study of Young Girls' Nutrition, Environment, and Transitions; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; SD, standard deviation.
a Weight (kg)/height (m)2.
b P < 0.01 (χ2 test for categorical variables and t test/ANOVA for continuous variables).
c P < 0.05 (χ2 test for categorical variables and t test/ANOVA for continuous variables).