Fig. 5.

Characteristic of neural response upon optical stimulus with and without cell-targeted GNRs. (a) Evoked action potentials after optical stimulation without cell-targeted GNRs show neurons are sensitive to optical stimulus and trigger neural activities at the threshold intensity of 46.9 mJ/cm². (b) A post-stimulus time histogram to show the temporal distribution of optically evoked action potentials. Neurons respond to the optical stimuli having latency (time to get the maximum spikes after stimulus) of 265 ms. (c) Evoked action potentials after optical stimulation with cell-targeted GNRs show neurons fire right after stimulation with small temporal jitter. Laser threshold intensity used to evoke neural response is 30.1 mJ/cm² which is about the half of the laser intensity stimulating without cell-targeted GNRs. (d) A post-stimulus time histogram to shows reduced latency of 95 ms.