Table 3.

Effect of HCAs in colon carcinogenesis in case control studies^a

Author (ref)	Country/year	No. case/control	HCA	OR	P-trend
Budhathoki S et al. [12]	Japan, 2015	738/697	MeIQ	2.80 (qu)b	0.005c
			HCA	1.73	0.03c
Fu Z et al. [16]	USA, 2011	2,543/3764	PhIP	1.3 (qu)	0.005
			MeIQx	1.4	0.062
Helmus DS et al. [17]	USA, 2013	1062/1645	MeIQx	1.73 (qu)	<0.0001
			DiMeIQx	1.88	<0.0001
			red meat PhIP	1.38	0.009
			white meat PhIP	0.86	0.180
Barbir A et al. [18]	Switzerland, 2012	413/796	PhIP	1.75 (qi)	0.006
			MeIQx	1.57	0.022
			DiMeIQx	1.46	0.045
Gilsing AM et al. [19]	USA, 2012	1243/1419	MeQx	1.43 (t)	0.007
			MeIQx-NAT1		0.001d

^aDetection of adenoma by colonoscopy, ^b qu quartiles, qi quintiles

^cFor women but not for men, ^dInteraction with NAT1