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. 2016 Jun 30;13:22. doi: 10.1186/s12979-016-0077-9

Table 3.

Intervention effects on leukocyte subpopulations and circulating inflammatory markers

Baseline (n = 67) 3 months (n = 67) 6 months (n = 67) P-value (time)
Leukocytes [x109 cells/L]
 CT (n = 26) 7.2 (4.9–10.3)** 7.2 (4.1–11.9) 7.1 (5.4–9.4) 0.440
 RT (n = 20) 5.6 (3.1–9.1) 6.0 (3.2–8.9) 6.0 (3.3–9.8)* 0.001
 RTS (n = 21) 7.0 (4.4–13.3)** 7.2 (4.5–11.7)** 7.1 (4.7–13.0) 0.586
Lymphocytes [cells/μl]
 CT (n = 26) 1985 (910–3510) 2090 (890–3980) 2250 (930–3540) 0.387
 RT (n = 20) 1675 (830–3330) 1765 (912–3190) 1720 (1010–3430) 0.651
 RTS (n = 21) 2255 (1460–4700) 2340 (1570–4680) 2190 (1640–4930) 0.810
Monocytes [cells/μl]
 CT (n = 26) 610 (72–950) 550 (300–780) 590 (400–910) 0.534
 RT (n = 20) 520 (260–790) 475 (250–960) 510 (250–880) 0.104
 RTS (n = 21) 585 (320–960) 490 (300–840) 545 (330–900) 0.404
Neutrophils [cells/μl]
 CT (n = 26) 4300 (2410–6630)** 4010 (1990–7420) 3910 (3110–5880) 0.247
 RT (n = 20) 2876 (1530–6800) 3390 (1720–5880) 3520 (1800–7330)* 0.011
 RTS (n = 21) 4030 (2430–9860) 3930 (1720–8730) 4290 (1664–8680) 0.368
Basophils [cells/μl]
 CT (n = 26) 40 (20–111) 30 (10–90) 30 (20–100) 0.027
 RT (n = 20) 35 (10–90) 30 (10–100) 30 (10–80) 0.878
 RTS (n = 21) 40 (10–90) 40 (10–90) 40 (10–80) 0.344
Eosinophils [cells/μl]
 CT (n = 26) 210 (36–448) 170 (80–470) 220 (90–330) 0.911
 RT (n = 20) 160 (10–690) 186 (40–530) 200 (80–570) 0.381
 RTS (n = 21) 248 (90–470) 195 (20–630) 260 (90–650) 0.137
hs-CRP [mg/L]
 CT (n = 26) 2.0 (0.5–4.8) 2.4 (0.2–5.5) 1.8 (0.3–8.5) 0.424
 RT (n = 20) 1.9 (0.3–7.6) 2.4 (0.5–7.7) 2.0 (0.6–9.6) 0.645
 RTS (n = 21) 1.8 (0.6–5.4) 2.1 (0.6–8.5) 1.6 (0.4–5.5) 0.135
TGF-β [μg/L]
 CT (n = 26) 36.0 (18.7–73.7) 39.8 (18.4–67.8) 40.8 (21.9–67.9) 0.953
 RT (n = 20) 31.5 (16.7–50.0) 34.5 (18.3–59.7) 34.6 (12.7–57.3) 0.075
 RTS (n = 21) 33.7 (21.0–51.2) 38.0 (22.9–50.5) 35.5 (22.1–52.1) 0.431

Data are expressed as medians (min–max); Differences over the time course were detected using the Friedman test and if significant, followed by Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc analyses (* p < 0.05 vs. baseline within respective study group). Differences between groups were analysed by Kruskal Wallis test, followed by Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc analyses (** p < 0.05 vs. RT group within respective time point; significant differences are marked in bold)

Abbreviations: CT cognitive training, RT resistance training, RTS resistance training plus supplement, hs-CRP high sensitive C-reactive protein, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β