Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics in 241 patients hospitalized for CAP, including stratification for vitamin D status.
| Variable | All patients (n = 241) | Vitamin D <30 nmol/L (n = 87) | Vitamin D 30–49 nmol/L (n = 81) | Vitamin D ≥50 nmol/L (n = 73) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 66 (52–76) | 62 (47–76) | 67 (57–78) | 69 (51–76) | .197 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 123 (51.0) | 48 (55.2) | 41 (50.6) | 34 (46.6) | .554 |
| Other ethnic group, n (%)b | 7 (2.9) | 4 (4.6) | 3 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | .203 |
| Active smoker, n (%) | 61 (25.4) | 28 (32.2) | 18 (22.2) | 15 (20.8) | .189 |
| Nursing home resident, n (%) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Duration of symptoms (days)c | 4.0 (3.0–7.0) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 5.0 (3.0–10.0) | .007 |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | |||||
| CVDd | 62 (25.7) | 27 (31.0) | 19 (23.5) | 16 (21.9) | .358 |
| COPD | 57 (23.7) | 29 (33.3) | 18 (22.2) | 10 (13.7) | .013 |
| Immunocompromizede | 40 (16.6) | 9 (10.3) | 21 (25.9) | 10 (13.7) | .018 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 (12.9) | 8 (9.2) | 13 (16.0) | 10 (13.7) | .402 |
| Autoimmune diseasef | 30 (12.4) | 10 (11.5) | 15 (18.5) | 5 (6.8) | .086 |
| Renal disease | 25 (10.4) | 9 (10.3) | 8 (9.9) | 8 (11.0) | .976 |
| Neurological diseaseg | 13 (5.4) | 5 (5.7) | 3 (3.7) | 5 (6.8) | .723 |
| Dementia | 11 (4.6) | 6 (6.9) | 2 (2.5) | 3 (4.1) | .401 |
| Liver disease | 4 (1.7) | 3 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | .269 |
| Vaccination status, n (%) | |||||
| Influenza vaccination (<1 year) | 60 (33.0) | 17 (27.4) | 25 (39.7) | 18 (31.6) | .333 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination (<10 years) | 23 (12.4) | 5 (8.1) | 9 (13.4) | 9 (16.1) | .401 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||
| Vitamin D supplementation | 10 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.9) | 6 (8.2) | .013 |
| Statins | 43 (17.8) | 16 (18.4) | 12 (14.8) | 15 (20.5) | .641 |
| Severity of illness, n (%) | |||||
| CURB-65 ≥3h | 86 (35.8) | 29 (33.7) | 36 (44.4) | 21 (28.8) | .113 |
| ICU admission | 37 (15.4) | 14 (16.1) | 14 (17.3) | 9 (12.3) | .676 |
Data are median (25th–75th percentile) or No. (%). Abbreviations: CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; Vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CURB-65, Confusion-Urea-Respiratory-Blood pressure-65 score; ICU, intensive care unit.
a Comparison between the three 25-hydroxyvitamin D categories.
b Patients originating from Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, South Asia and South-East Asia.
c Days of clinical symptoms at admission.
d Coronary heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, aneurysm.
e Primary or acquired immunodeficiency, active malignancy, immunosuppressive drugs.
f Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis, Sjogren’s disease, psoriasis.
g Central nervous disease, neuromuscular disease.
h Patients were classified according to the CURB-65 severity scoring system (score ≥3, high-risk group).