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. 2016 Jun 28;22(3):497–508. doi: 10.5056/jnm15089

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© 2016 The Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Flow diagram for recruitment and retention of participants for the current study. Of the 145 individuals assessed for eligibility, 74 patients were enrolled in this study. All enrolled patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, 38 patients into the experiment group, 36 patients into the control group. Control group received biofeedback therapy (BFT). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) combined with BFT was carried out in the experiment group. All patients were assessed using self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), and Wexner constipation score (WCS) at baseline and at the end of each course. Anorectal manometry (ARM) and balloon expulsion test (BET) was performed before and after treatment.