Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Characteristic | Youth (n = 187) | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 14.4 ± 2.4 | 10.0–17.9 |
| Sex (% female) | 45% | |
| Ethnicity n (%) | ||
| White, not of Hispanic origin | 162 (87%) | |
| Black/African-American | 11 (6%) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 9 (5%) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 5 (< 3%) | |
| Education level of primary caregiver [(%) with at least college degree] | 58% | |
| Insurance status | ||
| Private insurance | 158 (85%) | |
| Public insurance | 29 (15%) | |
| Family composition (% with two caregivers in home) | 80% | |
| T1D duration (years) | 6.5 ± 3.9 | 0.2–15.2 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.0 ± 1.5 | 6.2–16.1 |
| Blood glucose monitoring (number per day) | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 0–9+ |
| 3 or less times per day (%) | 23% | |
| 4 times per day (%) | 29% | |
| 5 or more times per day (%) | 48% | |
| Method of insulin delivery | ||
| CSII | 87 (47%) | |
| ≤ 3 daily injections | 60 (32%) | |
| ≥ 4 daily injections | 40 (21%) |
Scores shown as mean ± sd.
CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; T1D, Type 1 diabetes.