Table 3.

Cumulative Proportions of Recurrences of Symptoms of BPD After Remissions Lasting 2 or 4 Years among Borderline Patients and Axis II Comparison Subjects over 16 Years of Prospective Follow-up

	BPD			OPD			Statistical Analyses
Symptom	Risk Set1	After 2- Year Remission	After 4- Year Remission	Risk Set1	After 2- Year Remission	After 4- Year Remission	2-Year	4-Year
							HR	HR
Affective features
Chronic/major depression	157; 80	0.86	0.73	42; 34	0.94	0.85	1.06	1.15
Chronic feelings of helplessness/hopelessness/worthlessness/guilt	166; 90	0.91	0.81	44; 33	0.85	0.69	1.23	1.48
Chronic anger/frequent angry acts	138; 68	0.98	0.96	41; 26	0.88	0.77	1.37	1.03
Chronic anxiety	134; 60	0.93	0.85	37; 23	0.83	0.74	1.57	1.32
Chronic loneliness/emptiness	157; 86	0.90	0.80	35; 30	0.70	0.62	2.14*	0.15
Cognitive features
Odd thinking/unusual perceptual experiences	194; 142	0.80	0.72	32; 28	0.50	0.44	2.56*	2.20
Nondelusional paranoia	190; 129	0.79	0.67	22; 21	0.51	0.32	1.79	2.19
Quasi-psychotic thought	145; 128	0.53	0.39	13; 13	0.46	0.08	---	---
Impulsive features
Substance abuse/dependence	116; 97	0.60	0.45	21; 19	0.52	0.47	1.36	---
Sexual deviance	68; 59	0.37	0.19	7; 6	0.14	0.00	---	---
Self-mutilation	200; 174	0.43	0.33	12; 11	0.17	0.00	---	---
Manipulative suicide efforts	207; 184	0.55	0.41	32; 31	0.28	0.25	3.22*	2.19
General impulsivity	193; 116	0.93	0.85	34; 26	0.94	0.91	1.29	1.02
Interpersonal features
Intolerance of aloneness	189; 109	0.87	0.74	39; 30	0.87	0.78	1.01	0.85
Abandonment/engulfment/ annihilation concerns	194; 131	0.77	0.58	37; 33	0.65	0.46	1.67	1.76
Counterdependency/serious conflict over help/care	200; 120	0.90	0.82	48; 32	0.82	0.68	1.52	2.24
Stormy relationships	189; 148	0.69	0.53	32; 27	0.70	0.55	1.01	1.18
Dependency/masochism	200; 133	0.73	0.50	39; 31	0.65	0.44	1.27	1.19
Devaluation/manipulation/ sadism	202; 170	0.63	0.47	33; 31	0.63	0.47	0.95	0.89
Demandingness/entitlement	153; 136	0.64	0.51	20; 19	0.49	0.42	1.54	---
Treatment regressions	117; 113	0.30	0.18	5; 5	0.20	0.20	---	---
Countertransference problems/”special” treatment relationships	126; 122	0.33	0.24	6; 6	0.33	0.17	---	---
DSM-III-R criteria not included in DIB-R
Affective instability	204; 144	0.80	0.68	20; 19	0.53	0.51	2.23	---
Serious identity disturbance	197; 175	0.49	0.34	26; 25	0.39	0.33	2.09	1.53

¹First number in risk set applies to those in that study group with a two-year remission of a symptom and second number applies to those with a four-year remission.

^*<0.005