Table 2.
Self-Rated Health by Individual Characteristics, Healthcare Utilization, and Healthcare System or Provider Factors (N=705)
| Self-Rated Health |
p-value1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Poor/Fair n (%) |
Excellent/Very Good/Good n (%) |
||
| Healthcare Communication Barriers | |||
| Self-rated spoken English proficiency | <0.001 | ||
| Not at all/ poorly | 340 (71.9) | 133 (28.1) | |
| So-so | 112 (54.6) | 93 (45.4) | |
| Well/ fluent like a native English speaker | 11 (40.7) | 16 (59.3) | |
| Ever needed a medical interpreter | 0.58 | ||
| Yes | 164 (67.2) | 80 (32.8) | |
| No | 299 (64.9) | 162 (35.1) | |
| Health literacy level2 | 0.03 | ||
| Low | 186 (72.7) | 70 (27.3) | |
| Marginal | 158 (64.8) | 86 (35.2) | |
| Adequate | 119 (58.0) | 86 (41.9) | |
| Predisposing Factors | |||
| Gender | 0.66 | ||
| Male | 85 (63.9) | 48 (36.1) | |
| Female | 378 (66.1) | 194 (33.9) | |
| Age | 0.003 | ||
| < 65 years | 268 (61.0) | 171 (39.0) | |
| ≥65 | 195 (73.3) | 71 (26.7) | |
| Marital Status | 0.79 | ||
| Married/partner | 340 (65.4) | 180 (34.6) | |
| Single/widowed/separated | 123 (66.5) | 62 (33.5) | |
| Education | 0.06 | ||
| Below high school graduation | 341 (68.1) | 160 (31.9) | |
| High school graduation or above | 117 (59.4) | 80 (40.6) | |
| Employment | 0.004 | ||
| Not employed | 192 (71.6) | 76 (28.4) | |
| Retired | 169 (69.0) | 76 (31.0) | |
| Employed | 102 (53.1) | 90 (46.9) | |
| Place of birth | 0.003 | ||
| Mainland China | 406 (68.1) | 190 (31.9) | |
| Other countries outside U.S. | 57 (52.3) | 52 (47.7) | |
| Language spoken at home | 0.50 | ||
| Cantonese | 225 (34.7) | 424 (65.3) | |
| Others (Mandarin, other Chinese dialects, English) | 17 (30.4) | 39 (69.6) | |
| Years lived in the U.S. | 0.88 | ||
| < 10 | 139 (65.3) | 74 (34.7) | |
| ≥10 | 314 (65.8) | 163 (34.2) | |
| Enabling Resources | |||
| Annual household income | 0.003 | ||
| < $20,000 | 299 (71.5) | 119 (28.5) | |
| ≥$20,000 | 79 (51.0) | 76 (49.0) | |
| Not reported | 85 (64.4) | 47 (35.6) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.09 | ||
| Uninsured | 26 (54.2) | 22 (45.8) | |
| Insured | 437 (66.5) | 220 (33.5) | |
| Had regular clinic or primary doctor | 0.11 | ||
| Yes | 438 (66.5) | 221 (33.5) | |
| No | 25 (54.4) | 21 (54.6) | |
| Perceived Health Needs | |||
| Number of chronic conditions | <0.001 | ||
| 2 or more | 134 (81.2) | 31 (18.8) | |
| 1 | 188 (71.8) | 74 (28.2) | |
| None | 141 (50.7) | 137 (49.3) | |
| Specific chronic conditions | |||
| Diabetes | 95 (87.2) | 14 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| Heart Disease or Stroke | 35 (83.3) | 7 (16.7) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 189 (75.9) | 60 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 197 (76.7) | 60 (24.3) | <0.001 |
| Access to Racial-/ Language-Concordant Healthcare Services | |||
| Primary doctor was Chinese | 0.10 | ||
| Yes | 353 (67.5) | 170 (32.5) | |
| No/do not have doctor | 110 (60.4) | 72 (35.6) | |
| Language usually spoken by healthcare provider | 0.77 | ||
| Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, other dialects) | 378 (66.3) | 192 (33.68) | |
| English | 60 (63.2) | 35 (36.8) | |
| Not reported | 25 (62.5) | 15 (37.5) | |
Note: Row percentages may not add up to 100.0% due to rounding errors.
1
P-values account for lay health worker clusters.
2
Health literacy level classifications were based on participants’ report of how often they needed assistance to read written materials from doctor or pharmacy: low health literacy = “always” or “often” needed assistance; marginal health literacy = “sometimes” needed assistance; adequate health literacy = “rarely” or “never.”