Table 3.
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analyses: Correlates with Poor Self-Rated Health
| Correlates | Model 1 (Healthcare Communication Barriers only) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Model 2 (Model 1 + predisposing, enabling resources, and needs factors) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Model 3 (Model 2 + access to ethnic-/language-concordant services) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health communication Barriers | ||||||
| *Spoken English proficiency: | ||||||
| Not at all/poorly (Ref: So-so/Well/Fluent) | 2.13 (1.55 – 2.94) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.03 – 2.54) | 0.04 | 1.70 (1.07 – 2.70) | 0.02 |
| Ever needed medical interpreter (Ref: No) | 0.99 (0.67 - 1.45) | 0.95 | 1.20 (0.78 - 1.85) | 0.41 | 1.26 (0.81 - 1.98) | 0.31 |
| *Written health literacy: | ||||||
| Low | 1.64 (1.03 – 2.61) | 0.03 | 1.69 (1.04 – 2.74) | 0.03 | 1.64 (1.003 - 2.68) | 0.04 |
| Moderate (Ref: Adequate) | 1.31 (0.91 – 1.88) | 0.14 | 1.31 (0.87 – 1.96) | 0.20 | 1.28 (0.85 – 1.90) | 0.22 |
| Sociodemographics and Acculturation | ||||||
| Male (Ref: Female) | Not Included | 0.83 (0.50 – 1.365) | 0.45 | 0.84 (0.52 - 1.34) | 0.46 | |
| Age ≥65 years (Ref: <65) | Not Included | 1.25 (0.82 – 1.91) | 0.30 | 1.24 (0.81 - 1.93) | 0.32 | |
| Married/living with partner (Ref: Single/widowed/separated) | Not Included | 1.00 (0.67 – 1.48) | 0.98 | 1.02 (0.68 - 1.53) | 0.92 | |
| Education below high school graduation (Ref: High school graduation or above) | Not Included | 1.00 (0.67 – 1.51) | 0.98 | 1.03 (0.68 - 1.56) | 0.88 | |
| *Employment status: Not employed | Not Included | 1.96 (1.28 – 3.00) | <0.002 | 1.96 (1.26 – 3.05) | 0.003 | |
| Retired (Ref: Employed) | 1.33 (0.73 – 2.43) | 0.34 | 1.27 (0.69 - 2.32) | 0.44 | ||
| Born in Mainland China (Ref: Other countries) | Not Included | 1.32 (0.80 – 2.17) | 0.27 | 1.34 (0.81 - 2.23) | 0.26 | |
| Years living in U.S.: >10 years (Ref: ≤10 years) | Not Included | 1.03 (0.68 – 1.57) | 0.89 | 1.02 (0.66 - 1.56) | 0.94 | |
| Enabling Factors | ||||||
| Had health insurance (Ref: Uninsured) | Not Included | 1.60 (0.85 - 3.00) | 0.14 | 1.29 (0.62 – 2.68) | 0.49 | |
| Annual household income >$20,000 | Not Included | 0.66 (0.40 – 1.05) | 0.10 | 0.65 (0.39 - 1.07) | 0.09 | |
| Not reported (Ref: <$20,000) | 0.67 (0.43 – 1.05) | 0.20 | 0.73 (0.45 - 1.18) | 0.20 | ||
| Perceived Health Needs | ||||||
| *Heart disease or stroke (Ref: No) | Not Included | 2.62 (1.10 – 6.37) | 0.03 | 2.57 (1.08 – 6.10) | 0.03 | |
| *Diabetes (Ref: No) | 3.37 (1.81 – 6.30) | <0.001 | 3.32 (1.79 – 6.18) | <0.001 | ||
| *Hypertension (Ref: No) | 1.54 (1.04 – 2.28) | 0.03 | 1.58 (1.06 – 2.36) | 0.02 | ||
| *Hyperlipidemia (Ref: No) | 1.58 (1.04 – 2.41) | 0.03 | 1.60 (1.05 – 2.45) | 0.03 | ||
| Access to Racial-/Language-Concordant Services | ||||||
| *Primary doctor ethnicity: Chinese | Not Included | Not Included | 1.81 (1.06 – 3.10) | 0.03 | ||
| No Doctor (Ref: Non-Chinese) | 0.79 (0.29 – 2.11) | 0.63 | ||||
| Language provider usually spoke: English | 0.59 (0.27 –1.29) | 0.19 | ||||
| Unknown/no doctor (Ref: Chinese) | 0.57 (0.19 –1.71) | 0.32 | ||||
Note: Self-rated health classifications were based on participants’ rating of their general health: poor self-rated health = participants rated their health as “fair” or “poor;” good self-rated health = participants rated their health as “good,” “very good,” or “excellent.” Analyses accounted for lay health worker clusters and data collection waves.
*
Asterisked, bolded items denote significant correlates in the full model (Model 3).