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. 2016 Mar;10(1):15–20.

Table 3.

Comparison of variables between case and control groups based on duration of smoking

	Case group		Control group	p value
	Short-term	Long-term	Control group	p value
Semen volume (ml)	2.40 ± 0.7	1.9 ± 0.7	3.20 ± 0.6	< 0.05^a,^b
PH	8.04 ± 0.1	7.96 ± 0.1	8.08 ± 0.1	NS
Concentration × 10⁶	50.56 ± 7.3	44.64 ± 5.2	62.66 ± 9.6	< 0.05 ^a,^b
Motility (%)	45.40 ± 6.1	44.90 ± 5.1	53.20 ± 8.4	< 0.05 ^a,^b
Normal morphology (%)	31.90 ± 7.10	20.60 ± 4.0	39.20 ± 13.2	< 0.05 ^a,^b
µ-Calpain (ng/ml)	25.75 ± 7.2	23.58 ± 7.3	26.88 ± 1.3	NS

NS: non-significant;

^a

Significant difference between short-term smokers compared with non-smokers;

^b

Significant difference between short-term smokers compared with non-smokers