Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the participants who set goals and those who did not.
| Characteristica | Goal-setting group (n=1212) | Non–goal-setting group (n=1093) | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 52.34 (12.21) | 51.28 (13.73) | |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 862 (71.11) | 689 (63.04)b | |
| Education level, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Secondary school or lower | 391 (32.3) | 397 (37.2)c |
|
|
Vocational degree | 537 (44.3) | 421 (39.5) |
|
|
University degree | 284 (23.4) | 249 (23.3) |
| Body weight (kg), mean (SD) | 75.5 (14.4) | 75.6 (14.8) | |
| BMId (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.2 (4.2) | 25.0 (4.4) | |
| Subjective health, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Poor | 13 (1.1) | 16 (1.6) |
|
|
Fair | 164 (13.5) | 144 (13.5) |
|
|
Good | 796 (65.7) | 654 (61.5) |
|
|
Very good | 187 (15.4) | 188 (17.7) |
|
|
Excellent | 52 (4.3) | 61 (5.7) |
| Physical activity, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Inactive | 274 (22.6) | 206 (19.7) |
|
|
Suboptimally active (1-4 days per week) | 340 (28.1) | 292 (27.9) |
|
|
Norm active (≥5 days per week) | 598 (49.3) | 547 (52.3) |
| Exercise, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Inactive | 303 (25.0) | 239 (22.9) |
|
|
Suboptimally active (1 day per week) | 235 (19.4) | 210 (20.1) |
|
|
Norm active (≥2 days per week) | 674 (55.6) | 596 (57.0) |
| Healthy nutrition, range 0-30, mean (SD) | 23.6 (4.6) | 23.6 (4.8) | |
| Unhealthy nutrition, range 0-14, mean (SD) | 5.8 (3.9) | 5.4 (3.8)e | |
| Smoking, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Smoker | 85 (7.0) | 80 (7.7) |
|
|
Ex-smoker | 535 (44.1) | 455 (44.0) |
|
|
Nonsmoker | 592 (48.8) | 499 (48.3) |
| Alcohol, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Abstainer | 257 (21.2) | 223 (21.6) |
|
|
Drinker (1-5 days per week) | 702 (57.9) | 571 (55.3) |
|
|
Frequent drinker (≥6 days per week) | 253 (20.9) | 238 (23.1) |
| Sleep pattern, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Poor sleeper | 268 (22.2) | 208 (20.5) |
|
|
Suboptimal sleeper | 557 (46.1) | 437 (43.1) |
|
|
Good sleeper | 384 (31.8) | 369 (36.4) |
| Sleep hygiene score, mean (SD) | 10.6 (4.0) | 10.0 (4.2) | |
| Satisfaction with life, range 5-35, mean (SD) | 25.0 (6.3) | 25.2 (6.3) | |
| Overall lifestyle score, range 8-24, mean (SD) | 17.4 (2.7) | 17.7 (2.6)c | |
| Personality questionnaires, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
DGSESf (range 10-40) | 32.0 (4.3) | 32.3 (4.8) |
|
|
Positive Affect (range 10-50) | 33.9 (5.2) | 33.7 (5.5) |
|
|
Negative Affect (range 10-50) | 21.1 (6.1) | 20.4 (5.8) |
|
|
Self-Control Scale (range 36-180) | 125.6 (13.2) | 126.7 (13.1) |
a Mean (SD) is presented for continuous and ordinal variables, and n (%) is presented for categorical variables. For healthy nutrition, satisfaction with life, overall lifestyle score, DGSES, Positive Affect, and the Self-Control Scale, a higher score represents better performance; for unhealthy nutrition and Negative Affect, a lower score represents better performance.
bP ≤.001.
cP<.05.
d BMI: body mass index.
eP<.01.
f DGSES: Dutch General Self-Efficacy Scale.