Table 1.

Study definitions

Definitions	HBC [16]	CHPS [53]
Malaria	All fever cases when no laboratory tests are available	All fever cases when no laboratory tests are available or when malaria test was positive
General danger signs	Vomiting, convulsions, unconscious or not breastfeeding	Vomiting, convulsions, unconscious or not breastfeeding
Severe malaria signs	Little or no urine, dark coloured urine, marked jaundice or abnormal bleeding	Little or no urine, dark coloured urine, marked jaundice or abnormal bleeding
Appropriate treatment of malaria	Children aged 6 months to 5 years diagnosed with malaria receiving 3 days of ACT If more than 7 days with fever, general danger signs or severe malaria signs, child must be referred with rectal artesunate	Children aged 2 months to 5 years diagnosed with malaria receiving 3 days of ACT If more than 7 days with fever, general danger signs or severe malaria signs, child must be referred with IM quinine, IM or EV or rectal artesunate plus an IM dose of chloramphenicol
Prompt treatment of malaria	Malaria cases that received an antimalarial drug in within the first 24 h of the onset of symptoms	Malaria cases that received an antimalarial drug in within the first 24 h of the onset of symptoms
Diarrhoea	Three or more loose or watery stools in a 24-h period	Three or more loose or watery stools in a 24-h period
Appropriate treatment of diarrhoea	Children older than 6 months with diarrhoea of less than 7 days that receive ORS and zinc for 14 days If the child is less than 6 months, had diarrhoea for 7 days or more, blood in stools or is dehydrated, he/she should be referred with ORS	Children with diarrhoea of less than 14 days receiving ORS and zinc for 14 days If diarrhoea for 14 days or more, blood in stools or is severely dehydrated, he/she should be referred to hospital with ORS
ARI or suspected pneumonia	Cough with fast or difficult breathinga	Cough with fast or difficult breathingb
Severe pneumonia	Noisy breathing or chest in-drawing	Noisy breathing or chest in-drawing
Appropriate treatment for suspected pneumonia	Children older than 6 months with cough and fast or difficult breathing of less than 7 days receiving amoxicillin for 5 days If the child is less than 6 months or had symptoms for 7 days or more, he/she should be referred If there are signs of severe pneumonia, he/she should be referred with amoxicillin	Children older than 2 months with cough and fast or difficult breathing of less than 14 days receiving amoxicillin or cotrimoxazole for 5 days If the child is less than 2 month or had symptoms for 14 days or more, he/she should be referred If there are signs of severe pneumonia, he/she should be referred with IM chloramphenicol

^aARI timers are available in the Northern Region under the iCCM strategy to help diagnose suspected pneumonia. If severe pneumonia is suspected, the child must be referred to a CHPS compound or a Health Centre

^bNurses at CHPS compounds do not have ARI timers. The diagnosis is made based on clinical signs. If a severe pneumonia case is suspected, the children must be referred to a higher level of health facility. Some district hospitals, all regional hospitals and teaching hospitals have X-Rays to help diagnose pneumonia. Health centres, district hospitals, regional hospitals and teaching hospitals have laboratory facilities to help diagnose malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia