Table 1.
Distributions of demographic and lifestyle factors, and urinary biomarkers by the treatment sequence assignment, The PEITC Intervention Study 2008–2013
| Treatment sequence assignment
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics or biomarkers | PEITC-Placebo | Placebo-PEITC | |
| Number of subjects | 41 | 41 | |
| Age (years), mean (standard deviation) | 40.9 (10.6) | 41.1 (9.6) | 0.939 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)a, mean (standard deviation) | 28.0 (4.8) | 28.0 (6.3) | 0.957 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.376 | ||
| Male | 24 (59) | 20 (49) | |
| Female | 17 (41) | 21 (51) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.839 | ||
| Africa American | 8 (20) | 10 (24) | |
| Caucasian American | 28 (68) | 27 (66) | |
| Others | 5 (12) | 4 (10) | |
| Level of education, n (%) | 0.179 | ||
| High school or lower | 14 (34) | 20 (49) | |
| College or higher | 27 (66) | 21 (51) | |
| Cigarette smoking, mean (standard deviation) | |||
| Cigarettes/day | 19.3 (6.6) | 19.0 (6.7) | 0.843 |
| Years of smoking | 14.7 (10.3) | 17.9 (9.4) | 0.157 |
| Age at starting smoking (year) | 15.2 (4.9) | 15.1 (4.6) | 0.963 |
| Age became regular smokers (year) | 18.6 (7.1) | 17.7 (5.2) | 0.514 |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%)a | 0.784 | ||
| Never | 14 (35) | 17 (42) | |
| Monthly or less | 14 (35) | 12 (30) | |
| Weekly | 12 (30) | 11 (28) | |
| GSTM1 & GSTT1 genotypes, n (%) | 0.585 | ||
| Present & present | 20 (49) | 18 (44) | |
| Present & null | 3 (7) | 4 (10) | |
| Null & Present | 14 (34) | 11 (27) | |
| Null & null | 4 (10) | 8 (19) | |
| Urinary biomarkers, geometric mean (95% CI)b | |||
| Total nicotine, ng/mg Cr | 2114 (1670,2676) | 3015 (2389,3806) | 0.039 |
| Total cotinine, ng/mg Cr | 2839 (2368, 3402) | 3371 (2819, 4031) | 0.190 |
| Total 3-hydroxycotinine, ng/mg Cr | 6638 (5355, 8227) | 6993 (5657, 8646) | 0.736 |
| Total nicotine equivalents, nmol/mg Cr | 45.1 (37.6, 54.0) | 58.1 (48.6, 69.5) | 0.054 |
| Benzene SPMA (pmol/mg creatinine) | 2.36 (1.68, 3.28) | 2.38 (1.72, 3.30) | 0.955 |
| Acrolein HPMA (nmol/mg creatinine) | 6.16 (5.14,7.38) | 7.04 (5.90, 8.42) | 0.300 |
| Crotonaldehyde HMPMA (nmol/mg creatinine) | 4.22 (3.46, 5.12) | 5.04 (4.14, 6.12) | 0.207 |
| PGEM (pmol/mg creatinine) | 46.66 (38.68, 56.26) | 42.68 (35.48, 51.34) | 0.509 |
| 8-iso-PGF2α (pmol/mg creatinine) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.04) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.90) | 0.233 |
a
Two subjects were excluded from this analysis due to missing data.
b
One subject who did not provide urine sample at baseline was excluded from the analyses.