. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2016 Apr 20;9(7):598–606. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0032

Table 4.

The changes of urinary concentrations of mercapturic acid metabolites of benzene, acrolein and crotonaldehyde, prostaglandin E₂ metabolite (PGEM), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α (8-iso-PGF_2α) in smokers before and after intake of PEITC, The PEITC Intervention Study 2008–2013

Urinary biomarkers	Geometric means		% Difference (95% CI)	P^a
Urinary biomarkers	Placebo (n = 82)	PEITC (n = 82)	% Difference (95% CI)	P^a
Benzene SPMA (pmol/mg creatinine)	2.60	3.25	24.6 (9.3, 42.1)	0.002
Acrolein HPMA (nmol/mg creatinine)	7.34	8.45	15.1 (4.5, 26.7)	0.005
Crotonaldehyde HMPMA (nmol/mg creatinine)	5.16	5.44	5.5 (−1.8, 13.4)	0.148
PGEM (pmol/mg creatinine)	49.3	50.9	3.3 (−4.9, 12.3)	0.444
8-iso-PGF_2α (pmol/mg creatinine)	0.86	0.87	1.3 (−4.9, 8.0)	0.684

2-Sided P values were derived from the mixed models that test the PEITC treatment effect,