Table 5.
The effect of PEITC on the changes of urinary concentrations of merpcaturic acid metabolites of benzene, acrolein and crotonaldehyde in smokers stratified by the glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 genotype, The PEITC Intervention Study 2008–2013
| GST genotype | N | Geometric mean
|
% difference (95% CI) | Pa | P for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | PEITC | |||||
| GSTM1 | Benzene SPMA (pmol/mg creatinine)
|
|||||
| Null | 37 | 2.09 | 2.99 | 43.1 (18.1, 73.4) | <0.001 | 0.060 |
| Present | 45 | 3.12 | 3.47 | 11.2 (−6.5, 32.4) | 0.234 | |
| GSTT1 | ||||||
| Null | 19 | 0.83 | 1.45 | 74.2 (33.9, 126.6) | <0.001 | 0.006 |
| Present | 63 | 3.67 | 4.14 | 12.7 (−2.4, 30.4) | 0.108 | |
| GSTM1 & GSTT1 | ||||||
| Both null | 12 | 0.74 | 1.45 | 95.4 (40.7, 171.5) | <0.001 | 0.009 |
| One present | 32 | 2.64 | 3.36 | 27.4 (4.3, 55.6) | 0.020 | |
| Both present | 38 | 3.84 | 4.07 | 6.1 (−11.6, 27.5) | 0.526 | |
|
| ||||||
| GSTM1 | Acrolein HPMA (nmol/mg creatinine)
|
|||||
| Null | 37 | 8.07 | 10.05 | 24.6 (7.9, 43.8) | 0.005 | 0.179 |
| Present | 45 | 6.79 | 7.37 | 8.6 (−4.3, 23.2) | 0.210 | |
| GSTT1 | ||||||
| Null | 19 | 8.00 | 10.12 | 26.6 (5.4, 52.0) | 0.022 | 0.320 |
| Present | 63 | 7.15 | 8.00 | 12.0 (−0.1, 25.6) | 0.057 | |
| GSTM1 & GSTT1 | ||||||
| Both Null | 12 | 9.84 | 13.06 | 32.7 (5.9, 66.2) | 0.034 | 0.315 |
| One present | 32 | 6.90 | 8.28 | 20.0 (1.8, 41.3) | 0.038 | |
| Both present | 38 | 7.04 | 7.53 | 7.0 (−6.9, 22.9) | 0.347 | |
|
| ||||||
| GSTM1 | Crotonaldehyde HMPMA (nmol/mg creatinine)
|
|||||
| Null | 37 | 5.89 | 6.80 | 15.4 (3.9, 28.1) | 0.009 | 0.027 |
| Present | 45 | 4.62 | 4.53 | −1.9 (−10.8, 7.8) | 0.686 | |
| GSTT1 | ||||||
| Null | 19 | 5.34 | 6.52 | 22.0 (5.3, 41.4) | 0.010 | 0.031 |
| Present | 63 | 5.10 | 5.15 | 1.0 (−6.8, 9.5) | 0.808 | |
| GSTM1 & GSTT1 | ||||||
| Both Null | 12 | 6.19 | 8.04 | 29.8 (8.2, 55.8) | 0.006 | 0.017 |
| One present | 32 | 5.36 | 5.85 | 9.2 (−2.3, 22.0) | 0.124 | |
| Both present | 38 | 4.71 | 4.53 | −4.0 (−13.3, 6.3) | 0.438 | |
a
2-sided P values were derived from the mixed models that test PEITC treatment effect on the change of urinary levels of biomarkers within each specific GST genotypes before and after PEITC intake.
b
2-sided P values were derived from the mixed models that test the interaction term between PEITC intake and GST genotype on the levels of urinary biomarkers.