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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2016 May 1;93:226–242. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.010

Figure 10. IL-6 links PAR signaling to increases in markers of astrogliosis.

Figure 10

(A–H) Thrombin and neurosin (150 ng/ml) promoted significant increases in the secretion of IL-6 (C) in PAR1+/+ astrocytes and these effects were attenuated in astrocytes lacking PAR1. These PAR agonists also promoted small increases in secretion of TNF (A) while changes in IL-1β (B) were not statistically significant. Recombinant IL-6 (20 ng/ml) was a powerful driver of expression of PAR1 (D), thrombin (E) and neurosin (F) in primary astrocytes. Also, IL-6, but not thrombin or neurosin (150 ng/ml), elicited significant increases in expression of the key hallmarks of astrogliosis GFAP (G) and VIM (H, P < 0.001). (*P < 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001 NK).