Table 1.
Baseline (Y0) characteristics of CARDIA participants comparing those who did and did not develop incident prediabetes/diabetes by middle age (Y25)
| Characteristic | Absence of prediabetes/diabetes by Y25 (n=1,927) |
Development of incident prediabetes/diabetes by Y25 (n=2,446) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 24.4±3.7 | 25.2±3.6 | <0.01 |
| Race, white | 1,090 (56.6) | 1,105 (45.2) | <0.01 |
| Sex, female | 1,213 (63) | 1,200 (49.1) | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg) | 66.9±14.0 | 74.0±16.6 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2±4.2 | 25.3±5.2 | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 75.0±9.7 | 79.9±11.7 | <0.01 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 109.0±10.4 | 112±10.9 | <0.01 |
| No medications for BP | 1,895 (98.4) | 2,378 (97.3) | 0.02 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.7±0.8 | 2.9±0.8 | <0.01 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.4±0.3 | 1.3±0.3 | <0.01 |
| Y0 Education level, >12 years | 1,208 (62.7) | 1,501 (60.4) | 0.36 |
| Cigarette smoking | 0.01 | ||
| Never | 1,123 (58.6) | 1,380 (56.8) | |
| Former | 275 (14.4) | 301 (12.4) | |
| Current | 518 (27.0) | 748 (30.8) | |
| Alcohol (ml/day) | 10.7±20.4 | 12.5±21.9 | <0.01 |
| Physical activity intensity score (EU) | 418±288 | 421±304 | 0.77 |
| Total energy intake (mJ/day) | 11.7±6.2 | 12.6±7.6 | <0.01 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,791±1,493 | 3,021±1,809 | <0.01 |
| Y0 treadmill duration, all sites (s) | 590±180 | 575±187 | 0.005 |
| Y0 treadmill energy expenditure, all sites (METs) | 11.8±2.9 | 11.5±3.0 | <0.01 |
| Y7 treadmill duration, three sites (s) | 558±174a | 527±177b | <0.01 |
| Y7 treadmill energy expenditure, three sites (METs) | 11.3±2.7a | 10.8±2.8b | <0.01 |
| Y20 treadmill duration, all sites (s) | 460±158c | 407±159d | <0.01 |
| Y20 treadmill energy expenditure, all sites (METs) | 9.8±2.5c | 8.9±2.6d | <0.01 |
| Y20–Y0 change in treadmill duration (s) | −148±135c | −182±134d | <0.01 |
| Participants who increased CRF over 20 years | 119 (10.8) | 111 (6.8) | <0.01 |
Data are means ± SD for continuous variables or number (%) for categorical variables, N=4,373
a
n=1,018
b
n=1,397
c
n=1,097
d
n=1,632