Table 1.

Summary of agonistic and antagonistic aptamers used in cancer immunotherapy.

Target	Nature	Species	Function	Treatment	Reference
Immune checkpoints
CTLA-4	RNA	Murine	Antagonist	Treatment for melanoma tumor	[35]
TIM-3	RNA	Murine	Antagonist	Treatment for colon carcinoma in combination with PDL-1 blockade	[36]
PD1	DNA	Murine	Antagonist	Treatment for colon carcinoma	[37]
Cytokines
IL-10R	RNA	Murine	Antagonist	Treatment for colon carcinoma	[25]
		Human & murine	Not described	Not described	[26]
IL-6	DNA	Human	Antagonist	In vitro growth inhibition of human glioma and hepatoma	[38]
IL-6R	RNA	Human	Delivery	Not described	[39]
IL-4R	RNA	Human & murine	Antagonist	Treatment for mammary carcinoma	[40]
TNF-α	DNA	Human	Antagonist	In vitro prevention of TNF-α-induced apoptosis	[41]
Immune receptors
4-1BB	RNA	Murine	Agonist	Treatment for mastocytoma tumor	[42]
		Human & murine	Not described	Not described	[26]
OX-40	RNA	Murine	Agonist	Dendritic cell-based vaccine adjuvant in melanoma tumor	[43]
		Human	Agonist	In vitro proliferation of CD4 T cells	[44]
CD28	RNA	Murine	Agonist	Idiotypic vaccine adjuvant for B-cell lymphoma tumor	[45]
			Antagonist	In vitro reversion of CD4 T cells proliferation
CD40	RNA	Murine	Agonist	Targeted NMD inhibition in B-cell lymphoma tumor	[46]
			Antagonist	CD40 blockade in B-cell lymphoma tumor
DEC205	RNA	Murine	Agonist	Adoptive transfer adjuvant in B16-OVA melanoma tumor	[47]
CD16α	RNA	Human	Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)	In vitro lysis of both human gastric and lung cancer cell lines	[48]
BAFF-R	RNA	Human	Antagonist	Targeted STAT-3 inhibition in mantle cell lymphoma tumor	[49]