Table 1.
General characteristics of the participants in the cross‐sectional study
| NGT | IFG | T2DM | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2,139 | 148 | 66 | |
| Age (years) | 37 ± 11 | 44 ± 12 | 46 ± 11 | <0.001** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.02 ± 3.19 | 24.28 ± 3.63 | 24.24 ± 3.61 | <0.001** |
| Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 23.6 (19.24–29.23) | 20.70 (17.08–24.97) | 18.58 (15.75–22.59) | <0.001** |
| Insulin (uU/mL) | 6.26 (4.19–9.24) | 8.64 (5.31–15.11) | 8.76 (4.7–19.85) | <0.001** |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.41 (0.94–2.15) | 2.47 (1.50–4.31) | 3.56 (1.98–7.78) | <0.001** |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.63 ± 1.00 | 6.10 ± 1.15 | 6.20 ± 1.31 | <0.001** |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.10 (0.76–1.69) | 1.45 (0.90–2.63) | 1.96 (1.19–3.61) | <0.001** |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.40 ± 0.30 | 1.44 ± 0.38 | 1.67 ± 0.81 | 0.026* |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.93 ± 0.80 | 3.16 ± 0.88 | 3.11 ± 0.81 | 0.003* |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Non‐smoker | 997 (46.7%) | 63 (42.6%) | 29 (43.9%) | 0.003* |
| Ex‐smoker | 72 (3.4%) | 6 (4.1%) | 8 (21.1%) | |
| Current smoker | 1,067 (50.0%) | 79 (53.4%) | 29 (43.9%) | |
| Alcohol consumption (yes), n (%) | 858 (40.2%) | 70 (47.3%) | 33 (50.0%) | 0.073 |
| Physical activity (yes), n (%) | 500 (23.4%) | 34 (23.0%) | 16 (24.2%) | 0.980 |
| Family history for type 2 diabetes (yes), n (%) | 79 (3.7%) | 7 (4.7%) | 6 (9.1%) | 0.073 |
| Education levels (years) | ||||
| 0–6 | 52 (2.4%) | 13 (8.8%) | 10 (13.8%) | <0.001** |
| 7–10 | 1,359 (63.7%) | 101 (68.2%) | 41 (63.1%) | |
| >10 | 723 (33.9%) | 34 (23.0%) | 15 (23.1%) | |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Osteocalcin, insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR): the data were shown as median and interquartile range. The percentage may not sum to 100 because of rounding. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 (one‐way anova and non‐parametric test was used for numerical data, while the χ2‐test with continuity correction or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variable). BMI, body mass index; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.