Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects
| n (%) | Total | Men | Women | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 405 (100) | 239 (59) | 166 (41) | |||
| Age | years | 53.8 ± 10.2 | 54.0 ± 10.6 | 53.5 ± 9.7 | 0.59 |
| Height | cm | 164.4 ± 8.5 | 169.6 ± 6.1 | 157.1 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Weight | kg | 64.0 ± 12.0 | 69.3 ± 10.6 | 56.4 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 3.4 | 24.1 ± 3.2 | 22.9 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (WC) | cm | 83.7 ± 9.1 | 85.3 ± 8.1 | 81.4 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal length (AL) | cm | 48.2 ± 3.5 | 48.9 ± 3.5 | 47.3 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides | mg/dl | 112.3 ± 74.4 | 126.9 ± 79.9 | 91.3 ± 59.9 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol | mg/dl | 57.0 ± 13.4 | 53.5 ± 12.9 | 62.1 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure | mmHg | 117.8 ± 14.5 | 119.4 ± 12.6 | 115.5 ± 16.6 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | mmHg | 72.9 ± 9.6 | 74.3 ± 8.8 | 70.8 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose | mg/dl | 100.7 ± 17.4 | 102.7 ± 19.7 | 97.8 ± 12.9 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol | mg/dl | 199.4 ± 31.1 | 199.2 ± 30.9 | 199.6 ± 31.5 | 0.89 |
| LDL cholesterol | mg/dl | 121.0 ± 27.7 | 122.6 ± 27.0 | 118.7 ± 28.5 | 0.15 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | % | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 0.94 |
| HOMA‐R | 1.6 ± 3.4 | 1.8 ± 4.4 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.22 | |
| VFA | cm2 | 113.8 ± 56.3 | 130.6 ± 57.7 | 89.6 ± 44.2 | <0.001 |
| SFV | cm3 | 3,864 ± 1,889 | 3,370 ± 1,618 | 4,576 ± 2,023 | <0.001 |
| VFV | cm3 | 3,151 ± 1,627 | 3,736 ± 1,633 | 2,309 ± 1,195 | <0.001 |
| VFV/height ratio | cm3/m | 1,905 ± 952 | 2,207 ± 958 | 1,471 ± 758 | <0.001 |
| VFV/AL ratio | cm3/m | 6,444 ± 3,093 | 7,572 ± 3,055 | 4,828 ± 2,345 | <0.001 |
| Features of MetS | |||||
| Elevated triglycerides | % | 33.9 | 37.8 | 28.3 | 0.05 |
| HDL‐C | % | 14.6 | 12.6 | 17.5 | 0.19 |
| Elevated blood pressure | % | 33.2 | 37.4 | 27.1 | 0.031 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | % | 41.6 | 48.3 | 31.9 | 0.001 |
| No features | % | 34.3 | 27.6 | 44.0 | <0.001 |
| Two or more features | % | 38.8 | 44.8 | 30.1 | 0.004 |
Values are presented as the mean ± SD or number (%) VFA, abdominal visceral fat area; SFV, abdominal subcutaneous fat volume; VFV, abdominal visceral fat volume. P values were calculated by the t‐test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.