Table 1.
Characteristics of studies investigating diabetes related to androgen deprivation therapy
| First author Year (country) | Design, LOE | Database source (duration) | Definition of diabetes | Types of ADT | Treatments of control | No. of ADT/control | Age year† (SD)/no. patients | Duration of ADT (months†) | Follow up (year†) | RRs (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lage et al.27, 2007 (England) | Cohort, 2a | The i3 Magnifi LabRx Database (2000–2005) | Diabetes (ICD‐9 codes 250.XX) | ADT | Non‐ADT | 1,231 | 7,250 | ADT: 65.93 ± 9.51 non‐ADT: 64.48 ± 9.63 | ≥12 | 1 | 1.36 (1.07–1.74)‡ | |
| 1.5 | ||||||||||||
| Keating et al.10, 2006 (US) | Cohort, 2a | SEER (1992–1999) | Diabetes (ICD‐9 codes 250.XX) | GnRH | WW/AS | 26,570 | 41,575 | 74.2 ± 5.8 | GnRH (1–4; 5–12; 13–24; ≥25) | 4.55 | 1.44 (1.34–1.55)‡ | 1.41 (1.32–1.50)§ |
| Orchiectomy | 5,050 | 1.34 (1.20–1.50)‡ | ||||||||||
| Alibhai et al.7, 2009 (Canada) | Cohort, 2a | ICES (1995–2005) | Diabetes (ICD‐9‐CM codes 250) | ADT | Non‐ADT | 19,079/19,079 | 75.0 ± 6.3 | ≥6 | 6.47 | 1.24 (1.15–1.35)‡ | ||
| Keating et al.26, 2010 (USA) | Cohort, 2a | Veterans Healthcare Administration (2001–2004) | Diabetes (ICD‐9 codes 250.XX) | GnRH | WW/AS | 13,065 | 23,823 | 66.9 ± 8.6 | NA | 2.6 | 1.48 (1.31–1.67)‡ | 1.46 (1.31–1.63)§ |
| AA | 1,230 | 1.33 (0.75–2.36)‡ | ||||||||||
| GnRH+AA | 1,829 | 1.40 (1.01–1.93)‡ | ||||||||||
| Orchiectomy | 268 | 1.36 (0.79–2.31)‡ | ||||||||||
| Cleffi et al.25, 2011 (Germany) | Cross‐sectional, 3a | NA | Glucose levels≥110 mg/dL | ADT | Non‐ADT | 54 | 25 | 73.28 ± 7.71 | 15.37 ± 2.48 | / | 2.16 (0.68–6.85) | |
| Basaria et al.27, 2006 (USA | Cross‐sectional, 3a | NA | Fasting glucose≥126 mg/dL | ADT | Non‐ADT | 18 | 17 | ADT: 70.2 ± 1.8 non‐ADT: 65.9 ± 2.5 | ≥12 | / | 3.78 (0.93–15.33) | |
| Braga‐Basaria et al.23, 2006 (USA) | Cross‐sectional, 3a | NA | Glucose levels≥110 mg/dL | GnRH | Non‐ADT | 17 | 18 | ADT: 69.9 ± 7.8 non‐ADT: 66.2 ± 10.0 | 45 (12–101) | / | 3.90 (1.32–11.51) | |
| Orchiectomy | 3 | |||||||||||
| Morote et al.28, 2014 (Spain) | Cross‐sectional, 3a | NA | Glucose levels≥110 mg/dL | GnRH | Non‐ADT | 53 | 106 | ADT: 72 ± 11 non‐ADT: 71 ± 9 | ≥12 | / | 1.80 (0.90–3.59) | |
†Mean or median. ‡Hazard ratio was directly given in the publication. §Combined estimates from all types of ADT with random effect meta‐analysis. AA, oral antiandrogens; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; GnRH, gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (leuteinizing hormone releasing hormone); ICES, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; LOE, level of evidence; NA, not applicable; RRs, risk ratios; SD, standard deviation; SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results; WW/AS, watchful waiting/active surveillance.