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Impedance QCM measurement for the determination of the binding affinity of goat-IgG to protein G. Upon immobilization of biotinylated goat-IgG on a gold-adsorbed avidin-mutant layer, protein G was injected at different concentrations ranging from 1.37 nM to 1000 nM. For each step, the flow-cell was flushed with PBS after reaching equilibrium. Inset: Semi-logarithmic plot of normalized frequency shift per injection versus protein G-concentration, fitted with a logistic function.
