Table 1.

Analysis of XPS spectra of blank and modified real PES membranes. Modification condition is 28.8 mM ferulic acid, 24 h modification time, 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5).

Bindign Energy (eV)	C1s	C1s	O1s	N1s	S2p
	285.4 ± 0.3	288.8 ± 0.5	533.2 ± 0.3	400.1 ± 0.1	169.0 ± 0.3
	C–C	C=O	–C–O–	–N–	O=S=O
Sample	Atomic %
Blank PES	77.01	16.99	15.56	2.15	5.300
Modified PES by Ferulic acid	74.77	9.985	22.38	1.01	1.845