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. 2016 Jun 21;6(6):e842. doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.84

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Copyright © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) A subset of animals developed hyperactive motor activity over the course of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment (only evident in deep-brain stimulation (DBS) or sham surgery animals with ACTH on board). No such effects were observed in vehicle animals. Animals in this heightened locomotor activity subgroup significantly differed in their distance traveled compared with other ACTH groups. (b) Representative trace image of control ACTH versus hyperactive animal and percentage of time engaged in each coping style during forced swim test (FST)—representation of coping behaviors for control ACTH and manic-like phenotype animals during the FST training. Persistent dive, escape and active climbing behaviors indicate that these animals had an exaggerated drive to escape the FST apparatus compared with controls. (c) Animals exhibiting mania-like behaviors (HYP) show heightened respiratory control ratio (RCR) relative to other ACTH-pretreated groups. The values are displayed as means and ±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.