Table 1.

Risk factors for the development of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery

Preoperative	Intraoperative	Postoperative
Advanced age	Complex surgery	Vasopressor exposure
Female gender	Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration	Inotrope exposure
Hypertension		Diuretic exposure
Hyperlipidemia	Need to return to CPB	Blood transfusion
Chronic kidney disease	Low hematocrit during CPB	Anemia
Liver disease	Aortic cross-clamp time	Hypovolemia
Peripheral vascular disease	Hypoperfusion	Venous congestion
Previous stroke	Hypovolemia	Cardiogenic shock
Smoking history	Venous congestion
Diabetes	Emboli (cholesterol and other)
Anemia	Inotrope exposure