Table 1.
Characteristics of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children Born to HIV-Infected Mothers and Exposed to HAART In Utero, by Mother's Treatment Status, Among Subset with Completed Echocardiogram at Age Six or Older and Available Maternal ARV Information
| HAART exposure in utero | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Not exposed to any ARVs (n = 18) | Exposed to non-HAART ARV (n = 89) | HAART exposed (n = 67) | Total (n = 174) | pa |
| Age at time of echo (years), Mean (SD) | 11.6 (2.8) | 12.0 (2.6) | 9.2 (1.4) | 10.9 (2.6) | <.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 9 (50) | 41 (46) | 34 (51) | 84 (48) | .86 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| White non-Hispanic | 2 (11) | 3 (3) | 5 (7) | 10 (6) | .42 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 11 (61) | 48 (54) | 38 (57) | 97 (56) | |
| Hispanic | 5 (28) | 32 (36) | 23 (34) | 60 (34) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 6 (7) | 1 (1) | 7 (4) | |
| Gestational age <37 weeks, n (%) | 6 (38) | 18 (20) | 11 (17) | 35 (21) | .17 |
| Body measurement Z-scores, mean (SD) | |||||
| Height | −0.25 (1.14) | 0.33 (1.12) | 0.22 (1.04) | 0.22 (1.10) | .13 |
| Weight | 0.34 (1.03) | 0.83 (1.41) | 0.69 (1.39) | 0.73 (1.37) | .37 |
| Body mass index | 0.60 (0.90) | 0.77 (1.30) | 0.72 (1.37) | 0.73 (1.29) | .87 |
| Body surface area | 0.00 (1.02) | 0.82 (1.84) | 0.30 (1.57) | 0.53 (1.69) | .059 |
| Blood pressure (BP) Z-scores, mean (SD) | |||||
| Systolic BP | −0.36 (1.10) | −0.25 (1.04) | −0.45 (0.96) | −0.34 (1.01) | .49 |
| Diastolic BP | 0.11 (0.88) | 0.46 (0.86) | 0.31 (0.80) | 0.37 (0.84) | .21 |
| Mean BP | −0.51 (0.99) | −0.42 (0.90) | −0.53 (0.89) | −0.47 (0.90) | .78 |
| AV heart rate (b/min), Median (IQR) | 75 (70, 81) | 76 (64, 84) | 81 (72, 87) | 78 (68, 85) | .13 |
| Maternal health measures before CD4 < 350 cells/mm3 delivery, n (%) | |||||
| CD4 < 350 cells/mm3 | 2 (40) | 19 (30) | 21 (35) | 42 (32) | .71 |
| HIV-1 RNA VL >400 cpm | 2 (100) | 15 (48) | 17 (30) | 34 (38) | .039 |
| Maternal substance use during pregnancy, n (%) | |||||
| Tobacco use | 3 (33) | 14 (23) | 10 (18) | 27 (22) | .49 |
| Alcohol use | 4 (44) | 10 (17) | 6 (11) | 20 (16) | .05 |
| Illicit drug use | 2 (22) | 5 (8) | 3 (5) | 10 (8) | .23 |
a
p-Value by Fisher's exact test for binary characteristics, chi-square for categorical characteristics, ANOVA for comparison of z-scores, and Kruskal–Wallis test for age and heart rate. Data unavailable for maternal CD4 before delivery (N = 45), maternal VL (N = 84), and maternal substance use (N = 49).
ARV, antiretroviral; AV, aortic valve; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; SD, standard deviation; VL, viral load.