Fig. 9.
Cryotransmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) of commercial Doxil liposomes. In a commercial Doxil formulation, remote loading produces doxorubicin sulfate [(DOX-NH3)2SO4] crystals within PEGylated nanoliposomes. These crystals are clearly shown by cryo-TEM as long and fiber-like structures within liposomes. In addition, it can also be seen from cryo-TEM that (DOX-NH3)2SO4 rods come into contact with the liposome membrane, slightly changing the shape of spherical liposomes. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier from Barenholz (2012b).