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Relative gene expression of PXR (A), VIL1 (B), and CYP3A4 (C) in the TI and the duodenum of children with Crohn’s disease (CD; n = 18) versus age- and sex-matched controls without IBD (n = 12). Mean differences in relative gene expression (triplicate determinations of molecule number per sample, normalized to GAPDH, and log2-transformed) were compared between the TI and the duodenum in the same children, using a two-tailed paired Student’s t test (α = 0.05).
