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. 2016 Jul 5;8:160. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00160

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Copyright © 2016 Ries and Sastre.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of Aβ clearance by glial cells. Astrocytes and microglia can produce Aβ degrading proteases neprilysin (NEP), endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE), insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), cathepsin B (CAT-B) as well as chaperones apolipoprotein E (ApoE), apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), α-2 macroglobulin (α2-M), α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) involved in the clearance of Aβ. Receptors located in the surface of glial cells such as lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), scavenger receptors (SR), formyl peptide receptors (FPR), macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) are involved in the uptake and clearance of Aβ (receptor mediated endocytosis). Astrocytes are also connected to blood vessels, where they are implicated in the draining of Aβ and other products out of the brain.