TABLE 3.
Use of Religious Coping in a Crisis
| Yes | No | Do not know | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive dimensions | |||||
| Looked for a stronger connection with God |
|||||
| OS females | 64 (22.2) | 216 (75.0) | 8 (2.8) | ||
| SS females | 222 (21.9) | 674 (73.1) | 46 (5.0) | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 1.03 (0.74–1.42) |
| OS males | 45 (21.6) | 159 (76.4) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| SS males | 86 (18.3) | 376 (80.0) | 8 (1.7) | 1.23 (0.82–1.86) | 1.19 (0.78–1.80) |
| Sought God’s love and care* | |||||
| OS females | 84 (29.2) | 196 (68.1) | 8 (2.8) | ||
| SS females | 248 (26.9) | 640 (69.4) | 34 (3.7) | 1.12 (0.83–1.51) | 1.12 (0.83–1.52) |
| OS males | 40 (19.2) | 164 (78.9) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| SS males | 89 (18.9) | 373 (79.4) | 8 (1.7) | 1.02 (0.67–1.56) | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) |
| Sought help from God in letting go of my anger** |
|||||
| OS females | 60 (20.8) | 217 (75.4) | 11 (3.8) | ||
| SS females | 186 (20.2) | 696 (75.5) | 40 (4.3) | 1.04 (0.75–1.45) | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) |
| OS males | 34 (16.4) | 170 (81.7) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| SS males | 76 (16.2) | 385 (81.9) | 9 (1.9) | 1.01 (0.65–1.59) | 0.98 (0.61–1.55) |
| Tried to see how God might be trying to strengthen me in this situation |
|||||
| OS females | 73 (25.4) | 207 (71.9) | 8 (2.8) | ||
| SS females | 234 (25.4) | 651 (70.6) | 37 (4.0) | 1.00 (0.73–1.36) | 1.02 (0.74–1.39) |
| OS males | 53 (25.5) | 150 (72.1) | 5 (2.4) | ||
| SS males | 98 (20.9) | 364 (77.5) | 8 (1.7) | 1.30 (0.87–1.92) | 1.24 (0.83–1.86) |
| Asked forgiveness for my sins | |||||
| OS females | 48 (16.7) | 231 (80.2) | 9 (3.1) | ||
| SS females | 118 (12.8) | 777 (84.3) | 27 (2.9) | 1.36 (0.94–1.97) | 1.39 (0.95–2.02) |
| OS males | 36 (17.3) | 167 (80.3) | 5 (2.4) | ||
| SS males | 62 (13.2) | 403 (85.7) | 5 (1.1) | 1.38 (0.88–2.16) | 1.36 (0.86–2.15) |
| Focused on religion to stop worrying about my problems |
|||||
| OS females | 23 (8.0) | 259 (89.9) | 6 (2.1) | ||
| SS females | 95 (10.3) | 791 (85.8) | 36 (3.9) | 0.76 (0.47–1.22) | 0.79 (0.48–1.29) |
| OS males | 17 (8.2) | 183 (88.0) | 8 (3.9) | ||
| SS males | 38 (8.1) | 423 (90.0) | 9 (1.9) | 1.01 (0.56–1.84) | 0.94 (0.51–1.75) |
| Negative dimensions | |||||
| Wondered why God had abandoned me |
|||||
| OS females | 31 (10.8) | 250 (86.8) | 7 (2.4) | ||
| SS females | 123 (13.3) | 777 (84.3) | 22 (2.4) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) |
| OS males | 16 (7.7) | 186 (89.4) | 6 (2.9) | ||
| SS males | 55 (11.7) | 411 (87.5) | 4 (0.9) | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | 0.63 (0.35–1.14) |
| Felt punished by God for my lack of devotion |
|||||
| OS females | 17 (5.9) | 263 (91.3) | 8 (2.8) | ||
| SS females | 57 (6.2) | 842 (91.3) | 23 (2.5) | 0.95 (0.54–1.67) | 1.05 (0.60–1.86) |
| OS males | 10 (4.8) | 194 (93.3) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| SS males | 27 (5.7) | 438 (93.2) | 5 (1.1) | 0.83 (0.39–1.76) | 0.86 (0.40–1.84) |
| Wondered what I did for God to punish me |
|||||
| OS females | 50 (17.4) | 232 (80.6) | 6 (2.1) | ||
| SS females | 160 (17.4) | 738 (80.0) | 24 (2.6) | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 1.02 (0.71–1.45) |
| OS males | 28 (13.5) | 176 (84.6) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| SS males | 66 (14.0) | 399 (84.9) | 5 (1.1) | 0.95 (0.59–1.54) | 0.93 (0.57–1.52) |
| Questioned God’s love for me | |||||
| OS females | 30 (10.4) | 251 (87.2) | 7 (2.4) | ||
| SS females | 106 (11.5) | 788 (85.5) | 28 (3.0) | 0.90 (0.58–1.38) | 0.92 (0.59–1.43) |
| OS males | 19 (9.1) | 185 (88.9) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| SS males | 54 (11.5) | 412 (87.7) | 4 (0.9) | 0.77 (0.44–1.35) | 0.74 (0.43–1.28) |
| Wondered whether my church had abandoned me*** |
|||||
| OS females | 3 (1.0) | 277 (96.2) | 8 (2.8) | ||
| SS females | 18 (2.0) | 877 (95.1) | 27 (2.9) | 0.53 (0.15–1.81) | 0.52 (0.15–1.84) |
| OS males | 7 (3.4) | 197 (94.7) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| SS males | 16 (3.4) | 450 (95.7) | 4 (0.9) | 0.99 (0.40–2.44) | 0.98 (0.39–2.44) |
| Believed the devil was responsible for my situation |
|||||
| OS females | 14 (4.9) | 268 (93.1) | 6 (2.1) | ||
| SS females | 28 (3.0) | 870 (94.4) | 24 (2.6) | 1.63 (0.85–3.14) | 1.69 (0.87–3.29) |
| OS males | 6 (2.9) | 198 (95.2) | 4 (1.9) | ||
| SS males | 25 (5.3) | 441 (93.8) | 4 (0.9) | 0.53 (0.21–1.34) | 0.49 (0.19–1.30) |
| Questioned the power of God | |||||
| OS females | 47 (16.3) | 232 (80.6) | 9 (3.1) | ||
| SS females | 150 (16.3) | 732 (79.4) | 40 (4.3) | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) | 1.04 (0.72–1.50) |
| OS males | 27 (13.0) | 172 (82.7) | 9 (4.3) | ||
| SS males | 70 (14.9) | 393 (83.6) | 7 (1.5) | 0.85 (0.53–1.38) | 0.81 (0.49–1.32) |
Note: Values are numbers (percentages) stratified by sex and co-twin sex as well as crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for opposite-sex (OS) versus same-sex (SS) twins answering to some degree or very much compared with not at all or do not know. The no and do not know categories were combined when estimating ORs.
a
Adjusted for age at participation and parental education of the main provider in childhood.
*
Crude OR (sex) = 1.61 (1.27–2.04), p value still significant after correcting for multiple testing.
**
Crude OR (sex) = 1.32 (1.02–1.70), p value no longer significant after correcting for multiple testing.
***
Crude OR (sex) = 0.50 (0.28–0.92), p value no longer significant after correcting for multiple testing.