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Ambient fine particulate matter destroys membrane integrity and increases permeability in HUVECs. (A) Brightfield microscopy showing monolayers of confluent endothelia (no PM2.5) and cells treated with PM2.5. (B) Effects of PM2.5 on the permeability of a HUVEC monolayer. Cells were stimulated with PBS (mock), PM2.5 80 μg·mL−1 for 24 h. **P < 0.01 Bar: 100 μm.
