Table 1.

Summary of gender differences, androgen and anti-androgen treatments in cardiovascular diseases.

CVDs	Gender Difference	Androgen or anti-androgen treatments in clinical outcomes	Reference
Hypertension	Males have higher blood pressure than females	Androgen treatments increase blood pressure in male patients	27, 29, 30, 32
Stroke	Males have higher incidence in stroke than females	Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment increases stroke incidence in prostate cancer patients, but orchiectomy combined with androgen blockage and oral anti-androgen failed to show significant elevation in stroke incidence	68, 70, 71, 165, 191
Atherosclerosis	Males have thicker intima-media in early carotid atherosclerosis than females	Androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer resulted in increased atherosclerosis	3, 79, 83, 84
Abdominal aortic aneurysm	Males have higher incidence than females	N/A	116-118
Myocardial hypertrophy	Males are at greater risk for myocardial hypertrophy than age-matched females	N/A	84, 130, 131
Myocardial infarction	Females develop more severe myocardial infarction than males	Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatmen increases the risk of incident myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death	84, 129, 161-163

N/A, data not available.