Table 1.
Birth risk factors and retinal vasculature in early life
| Study population | Sample size | Arteriolar | Venular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| and study | and response | Age, | Cardiovascular | parameters β or | parameters β or | ||
| Study | design | rate | male % | risk factors | mean, 95 % CI | mean, 95 % CI | |
| 1 | Olta G | Population‐based prospective cohort study | 4122 | 6.2 years | Birth weight: | 0.26 SDS ↓ | n.s. |
| (2015) | Generation R | 61% | 50% | Low vs. Normal | (P trend ≤0.001) | ||
| 2 | Kandasamy Y | Clinical observational study | 24 newborn infants | Term newborn | Birth weight: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2011) | Low vs. Normal | 113.1 vs. 86.4 μm | 151.7 vs. 128.4 μm | ||||
| (P = 0.0009) | (P = 0.0040) | ||||||
| 3 | Gopinath B | School‐based, longitudinal study | 2353 out of 3144 | 12.7 years | Birth weight: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2010) | SCES | 75.3% | 50.4% | 1st vs. 4th quartile | 149.4 vs. 151.9 μm | n.s. | |
| (P trend = 0.001) | |||||||
| Birth length: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | 148.9 vs. 151.2 μm | n.s. | |||||
| (P trend = 0.005) | |||||||
| Head circum: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | 150.0 vs. 152.3 μm | n.s. | |||||
| (P trend = 0.03) | |||||||
| Birth weight: | Fractal dimension: | ||||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | n.s. | ||||||
| Birth length: | n.s. | ||||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | |||||||
| Head circum: | 1.466 vs. 1.469 (P trend = 0.03) | ||||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | |||||||
| 4 (2009a) | Sun C TEST | Population‐based, longitudinal | 266 twins (49 monozygotic and 84 dizygotic pairs) | 5–16 years MZ: 43% DZ: 53% | Birth length: each 5 cm ↓ | Calibre: −7.27 μm (−11.54, −3.01) (P < 0.001) | Calibre: n.s. |
| Head circum: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each 2 cm ↓ | −2.55 μm | n.s. | |||||
| (−4.92, −0.18) | |||||||
| (P = 0.04) | |||||||
| Birth weight: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each 1 kg ↓ | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| 5 | Mitchell P | Population‐based, longitudinal study | 1369 out of 2238 | 12.7 years | Birth weight: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2008) | SCES | 78.7% | 50.4% | each SD ↓ | −1.28 μm (−2.23, −0.32) | n.s. | |
| (P = 0.01) | |||||||
| SD = 569 g | |||||||
| Birth weight: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| Low vs. Normal | −3.73 μm (−7.09, −0.38) | n.s. | |||||
| (P = 0.03) | |||||||
| Birth length: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each SD ↓ | −1.00 μm (−1.89, −0.12) | n.s. | |||||
| SD = 3.1 cm | (P = 0.03) | ||||||
| Head circum: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each SD ↓ | −1.24 μm (−2.09, −0.38) | n.s. | |||||
| SD = 1.8 cm | (P = 0.006) | ||||||
| Gestational age: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| Premature vs. | −3.43 μm (−5.95, −0.91) | n.s. | |||||
| Full‐term | (P = 0.009) | ||||||
| 6 | Cheung N | School‐based, longitudinal study | 561 out of 768 children | 7–9 years | Birth weight: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2008) | SCORM | 73.0% | 52.5% | Each SD ↓ | n.s. | 1.49 μm (0.18, 2.80) | |
| (SD = 453 g) | (P = 0.03) | ||||||
| Birth Weight: | 171.8 μm | ||||||
| Very low, < 2500 g | n.s | 167.6 μm | |||||
| Low, 2500–2999 g | 165.0 μm (P trend = 0.006) | ||||||
| Normal, ≥ 3000 g | |||||||
| 7 | Tapp RJ | Population‐based, longitudinal study | 166 children | 9 years | Birth weight: | Optimality deviance: | Optimality deviance: |
| (2007) | ALSPAC | 40% | each 1 kg ↓ | 0.190 | n.s. | ||
| (P = 0.021) | |||||||
| Simple tortuosity: | Simple tortuosity: | ||||||
| 0.179 | n.s. | ||||||
| (P = 0.026) | |||||||
| Bifurcation angle: | Bifurcation angle: | ||||||
| n.s. | n.s. | ||||||
| Bifurcation angle: | Length–diameter ratio: | ||||||
| n.s. | n.s. |
Abbreviation: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; circum, circumference; TEST, the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania; SCES: Sydney Children Eye Study; SCORM: the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors of Myopia; ALSPAC, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.