Table 4.
Anthropometric indexes and retinal vasculature in early life
| Study population and | Sample size and | Age, male | Anthropometric | Arteriolar parameters β | Venular parameters β | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | study design | response rate | % | measurements | or mean, 95 % CI | or mean, 95 % CI | |
| 1 | Gishti O | Population‐based, cross‐sectional study | 4145 | 6.0 years | Per SDS ↓: | n.s.. | |
| (2015) | Generation R | 61% | 50% | BMI: | 0.06 SDS ↑ (P < 0.05) | ||
| Total body fat mass: | 0.05 SDS ↑ (P < 0.05) | ||||||
| 2 | Xiao Wei | Population‐based, cross‐sectional study | 444 twins | 12–19 years | Fat mass index | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2015) | The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study | 46.4% | (kg m−2) | 147.2 vs. 148.4 μm | 211.7 vs. 218.2 μm | ||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | (P trend = 0.005) | (P trend = 0.005) | |||||
| Body water %, | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | 148.3 vs. 147.9 μm | 218.9 vs. 213.2 μm | |||||
| Trunk fat %, | (P trend = 0.009) | (P trend = 0.001) | |||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| Triceps skinfold, mm | 147.0 vs. 148.7 μm | 211.7 vs. 218.8 μm | |||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | (P trend = 0.007) | (P trend = 0.001) | |||||
| BMI (kg m−2) | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | 147.7 vs. 148.2 μm | 211.5 vs. 218.0 μm | |||||
| (P trend = 0.007) | (P trend = 0.002) | ||||||
| Calibre: | Calibre: | ||||||
| 149.4 vs. 147.1 μm | 213.1 vs. 216.3 μm | ||||||
| (P trend = 0.026) | (P trend = 0.020) | ||||||
| 3 | Siegrist M | Randomized controlled school‐and family‐based lifestyle interventional trial | 792 | 10–11 years | BMI: | AVR: | |
| (2014) | 58.5% | each 1 kg m−2 | −0.003 (−0.004, −0.001) | ||||
| (P = 0.003) | |||||||
| 4 | Zheng YF | Population‐based, | 1035 twin pairs | 7–19 years | BMI: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2013) | The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study | cross‐sectional study | (657 MZ, 378 DZ) | 51.8% | each 1 kg m−2 ↑ | −0.30 μm (P = 0.01) | 0.43 μm (P < 0.05) |
| 5 | Tapp RJ | Population‐based, cross‐sectional study | 1067 | 12 years | Fat mass at 9 years: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2013) | ALSPAC | 49% | each SD ↑ | n.s. | 0.19 (0.03, 0.35) | ||
| Fat mass at 11 | Calibre: | (P = 0.022) | |||||
| years: | n.s. | Calibre: | |||||
| each SD ↑ | 0.25 (0.10, 0.40) | ||||||
| (P = 0.001) | |||||||
| 6 | Gopinath B | Australian pre‐schoolers, population‐based, cross‐sectional study | 1077 | 3–6 years | Healthy vs. Overweight vs. Obese | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2013) | SCES | 159.5 μm vs. 156.3 μm | 214.1 μm vs. 218.7 μm | ||||
| 50.5% | vs. 153.4 μm | vs.220.5 μm | |||||
| (P trend = 0.01) | (P trend = 0.01) | ||||||
| 7 | Hanssen H | German school children at 5th grade School‐based cross‐sectional study | 578 out of 792 | 11.1 years | BMI : | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2012) | JuvenTUM 3 | 73.0% | 41.5% | each 1 kg m−2 ↑ | −0.374 μm (−0.724, −0.025) | 0.369 μm (0.007, 0.731) | |
| (P = 0.036) | (P = 0.046) | ||||||
| Obese vs. Overweight vs. | AVR: | ||||||
| Normal weight | 0.85 vs. 0.87 vs. 0.89 (P ≤ 0.05) | ||||||
| PBF: | AVR: | ||||||
| each 1% ↑ | −0.001 (−0.002, <0.001) (P = 0.002) | ||||||
| Waist circum: | AVR: | ||||||
| each 1 mm ↑ | −0.001 (−0.002, <0.001) (P < 0.001) | ||||||
| 8 | Li LJ | Population‐based, cross‐sectional study | 136 | 6–16 years | BMI: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2012) | STARS | 45.6% | each SD ↑ | n.s. | 3.40 μm | ||
| SD = 3.53 kg m−2 | n.s. | (P = 0.005) | |||||
| Above vs. Below | n.s. | 227.38 vs. 218.05 | |||||
| threshold | n.s. | (P = 0.021) | |||||
| TSF: | 2.94 μm | ||||||
| each SD ↑ | (P = 0.012) | ||||||
| SD = 4.49 mm | 227.96 vs. 217.75 | ||||||
| Above vs. Below threshold | (P = 0.001) | ||||||
| 9 | Gopinath B | Australian adolescents | 2353 out of 3144 | 12.7 years | BMI: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2011) | SCES | Population‐based, cross‐sectional study | 75.3% | 50.4% | 4th vs. 1st quartile | 150.0 vs. 152.8 μm | 221.1 vs. 216.9 μm |
| (P < 0.0001) | (P = 0.0009) | ||||||
| Fractal dimension: | |||||||
| n.s. | |||||||
| Obese vs. Overweight vs. | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| Normal weight | 149.2 vs. 150.6 vs. 152.0 μm | 222.6 vs. 220.4 vs. 218.1 μm | |||||
| (P = 0.01) | (P = 0.01) | ||||||
| 10 | Schiel R | Clinical study, cross‐sectional | 77 | 6–16 Years | BMI (kg m−2) | Dilatation: | Dilatation: |
| (2009) | n.s. | r = 0.336 (P = 0.026) | |||||
| 11 | Taylor | Population‐based, cross‐sectional study | 1608 out of 1740 | 6 years | BMI: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| SCES | 92.4% | 50.8% | each SD ↑ | −0.76 μm↓ | 1.13 μm | ||
| (2007) | SD = 2.14 kg m−2 | (−1.43, −0.08) | (0.11, 2.15) | ||||
| Above vs. Below BMI threshold | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| 162.0 vs. 163.7 μm | 231.7 vs. 229.0 | ||||||
| (P = 0.0029) | (P = 0.0007) | ||||||
| Waist circum: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each SD ↑ | n.s. | 0.99 μm (0.15, 1.84) | |||||
| SD = 5.14 cm | |||||||
| BSA: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each SD ↑ | n.s. | 1.97 μm (0.86, 3.09) | |||||
| SD = 0.099 m2 | |||||||
| 12 | Cheung N | Singapore Chinese | 768 | 7–9 Years | BMI: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2006) | SCORM | School‐based, cross‐sectional study | each SD ↑ | n.s. | 2.19 (0.23, 4.15) | ||
| 52.5% | SD = 3.1 kg m−2 | (P = 0.03) | |||||
| 13 | Owen CG | School‐based, cross‐sectional study | 986 | 10–11 years | Ponderal index: | Tortuosity: | Tortuosity: |
| (2011) | CHASE | 46.9% | each 1 kg m−3 ↑ | n.s. | n.s. | ||
| Waist circum: | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| each 1 cm ↑ | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| Sum of skinfolds: | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| each 1 mm ↑ | |||||||
| Fat mass index: | |||||||
| each 1 kg m−5 ↑ | |||||||
| 14 | Sasongko MB | Clinic‐based, cross‐sectional study | 944 out of 1159 | 12–20 years | BMI: | Tortuosity/branchingnangle/optimality deviation/length–diameter ratio: | |
| (2010) | SPDS | 81.4% | 43.7% | each SD ↑ | n.s. | ||
| with type 1 diabetes | SD = 3.5 kg m−2 | ||||||
| 15 | Tapp RJ | Population‐based, cross‐sectional study | 166 children | 9 years | BMI: | All vascular parameters: | All vascular parameters: |
| (2007) | ALSPAC | 40% | each 1 kg m−2 ↑ | n.s. | n.s. | ||
Abbreviation: 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; PBF, percentage body fat; BMI, body mass index; circum, circumference; BSA, body surface area; SCES, the Sydney Children Eye Study; ALSPAC, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; STARS, the Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive Error Study in Singapore Chinese Preschoolers; SCORM, the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia; CHASE, the Child Heart and Health Study in England; SPDS, Sydney Pediatric Diabetes Study.