Table 5.
Inflammation, dyslipdemia and angiogenesis and retinal microvasculature in early life
| Study population and | Sample size and | Age, male | Arteriolar parameters β | Venular parameters β | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | study design | response rate | % | Serum biomarkers | or mean, 95 % CI | or mean, 95 % CI | |
| 1 | Gishti O | Population‐based, longitudinal study | 3505 | 6 years | PIGF at 2nd trimester: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2015) | Generation R | 61% | 50% | < 145.80 pg ml−1 vs. > 145.80 pg ml−1 (reference) | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.03) | n.s. | |
| sFLT‐1 at 2nd trimester: | (P = 0.008) | Calibre: | |||||
| > 7.35 ng ml−1 vs. < 7.35 ng ml−1 (reference) | Calibre: | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17) | |||||
| Per SDS↑ in CRP: | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | (P = 0.03) | |||||
| (P = 0.02) | 0.09 SDS ↑ | ||||||
| n.s. | (P < 0.05) | ||||||
| 2 | Siegrist M | Randomized controlled school‐and family‐based lifestyle interventional trial | 10–11 years | Adiponectin/IL‐6: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |
| (2014) | 792 | 58.5% | each unit ↑ | n.s. | n.s. | ||
| Insulin: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each 1 μU ml−1 ↑ | 0.152 (0.001, 0.305) | n.s. | |||||
| Leptin: | (P = 0.046) | Calibre: | |||||
| 1st vs. 4th quartile | Calibre: | 232.8 vs. 239.9 μm | |||||
| n.s. | (P trend = 0.009) | ||||||
| 3 | Hanssen H | School‐based, cross‐sectional study | 578 out of 792 | 11.1 years | CRP: | Calibre: | Calibre: |
| (2012) | JuvenTUM 3 | 73.0% | 41.5% | each 1 mg l−1 ↑ | n.s. | 11.01 μm | |
| (4.164, 17.859) | |||||||
| (P = 0.002) | |||||||
| HDL‐C: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each 1 unit ↑ | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| Triglyceride: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each 1 unit ↑ | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| Glucose: | Calibre: | Calibre: | |||||
| each 1 unit ↑ | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| 4 | Owen C | Cross‐sectional study | 968 UK children | 10–11 years | Triglyceride: | Tortuosity: | Tortuosity: |
| (2011) | CHASE | 46.9% | each 1 mmol l−1 ↑ | 3.8% | n.s. | ||
| (1.0%, 6.6%) | |||||||
| (P = 0.01) | |||||||
| Total cholesterol: | Tortuosity: | Tortuosity: | |||||
| each 1 mmol l−1 ↑ | 3.2% ↑ | n.s. | |||||
| (0.8%, 5.7%) | |||||||
| (P = 0.01) | |||||||
| LDL‐C: | Tortuosity: | Tortuosity: | |||||
| each 1 mmol l−1 ↑ | 2.9% ↑ | n.s. | |||||
| (0.4%, 5.5%) | |||||||
| (P = 0.02) | |||||||
| Glucose/HbA1C/ | Tortuosity: | Tortuosity: | |||||
| insulin/CRP/HDL‐C: | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| each unit ↑ | |||||||
| 5 | Sasongko MB | Clinic‐based, cross‐sectional study | 944 out of 1159 | 12–20 years | HbA1C: | Tortuosity: | Tortuosity: |
| (2010) | SPDS | 81.4% | 43.7% | ≤ 8.5% vs. > 8.5% | 1.75 (0.45, 3.05) | n.s. | |
| (P = 0.014) | |||||||
| Cholesterol: | Tortuosity: | Tortuosity: | |||||
| each SD ↑ | n.s. | n.s. | |||||
| SD = 0.90 mmol l−1 | Branching angle: | Branching angle: | |||||
| n.s. | n.s. | ||||||
| optimality deviation (×102): | optimality deviation (×102): | ||||||
| n.s. | −1.90 (−3.75, −0.06) | ||||||
| LDR: | (P = 0.015) | ||||||
| 6.92 (0.19, 13.6) | LDR: | ||||||
| (P = 0.041) | n.s. |
Abbreviation: 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; CRP, C‐reactive protein; HDL‐C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1C, glycosylated haemoglobin; LDR, length‐to‐diameter ratio; CHASE, the Child Heart and Health Study in England; SPDS, Sydney Pediatric Diabetes Study.