Table 6.

Disease linked to future CVD and retinal microvasculature in early life

		Study population	Sample size and		Diseases that will	Arteriolar parameters β	Venular parameters β
	Study	and study design	response rate	Age, male %	linked to CVD	or mean, 95 % CI	or mean, 95 % CI
1	Olta G	population‐based, cross‐sectional study	4007, 61.4%	6.0		per SDS ↓	per SDS ↓
(2015)	Generation R			50.2%	Childhood HTN:	OR: 1,35 (1.21, 1.45)	OR: 1.19 (1.00, 1.32)
2	Meier MH	Population‐based, longitudinal study	865	mean age: 16.5 years	Depression/axiety:	Calibre:	Calibre:
(2014)	Brisbane Twin Study			42.8%	each 1 score↑	0.08 μm (SE, 0.036)	n.s.
					Overall mental health:	(P = 0.025)	Calibre:
					each 1 score ↑	Calibre:	n.s.
						0.08 μm (SE, 0.036)
						(P = 0.028)
3	Li LX	Clinical study, cross‐sectional	2970	15–90 years	Carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT):	Retinal microvascular abnormalities (retinal arteriolar narrowing, retinopathy)
(2014)				55.8%	0.078 mm (0.080, 0.262) (P < 0.001)	Presence
					Carotid plaque:	Presence
					OR = 1.72 (1.32, 2.24) (P < 0.001)
4	Yau PL	Clinical research, cross‐sectional study	90 obese adolescents	14–21 years	Mets:	Calibre:
(2014)			39 with Mets	42.2%
			51 without Mets		Presence vs. Non‐presence	182.35 vs. 198.62 μm
					Mets criteria present:	(P < 0.01)
					each 1 score ↑	Calibre:
					White matter:	−8.61, P < 0.001
					smaller than 3150 voxel	Calibre:
						Reduction (β not mentioned)
						(P < 0.001)
5	Hosking SPM	Clinical study	26 T1DM	8–18 years	Microvascular complications:	AVR:
(2013)		cross‐sectional design		50%	Absent vs. Present	n.s.
6	Benitez‐Aguirre P	Hospital based,	511 baseline with T1DM	12–20 years	Renal dysfunction:	Length–diameter ratio:	Length–diameter ratio:
(2012)	Clinical research	prospective cohort study	174 developed renal dysfunction	48.6%	OR = 1.69	n.s.	4th vs. 1–3rd quartile
		Median 3.7 years’ follow‐up			(1.17, 2.44)
					(P = 0.02)
					OR = 1.55	Simple tortuosity:	Simple tortuosity
					(1.08, 2.22)	n.s.
					(P = 0.02)		1st vs. 2–4th quartile
7	Bronson‐Castain KW	Clinical observational, cross‐sectional study	26 control	Ctrl: 17.6	Type 2 DM:	Calibre:	Calibre:
(2012)	Clinical study		32 T1 DM	38.5%	Yes vs. No	n.s.	283.4 vs. 270.9 μm
			15 T2 DM	T1 15.6			(P < 0.05)
				56.2%
				T2: 16.0
				40%
8	Sasongko MB	Clinic‐based, cross‐sectional study	944 out of 1159	12–20 years	Early retinopathy:	Tortuosity:	Tortuosity:
(2011–2012)	SPDS		81.4%	43.7%	OR = 1.42	each SD ↑	n.s.
					(1.11, 1.83)	SD = 10.2 (×103)	n.s.
					(P = 0.005)	each SD ↑	n.s.
					Early kidney dysfunction:	SD = 10.2 (×103)
					OR = 1.56	each SD ↑
					(1.06, 2.28)	SD = 10.2 (×103)
					(P = 0.023)
					Both:
					OR = 1.46
					(1.13, 1.89)
					(P = 0.004)
9	Benitez‐Aguirre P	Hospital based,	736 baseline with T1DM	12–20 years	DR:	Simple tortuosity:	Simple tortuosity:
(2011)	Clinical research	prospective cohort study	287 developed retinopathy	48.6%	OR = 1.5	4th vs. 1st quartile	n.s.
		Median 3.8 years’ follow‐up			(1.0, 2.2)	Length–diameter ratio:	Length–diameter ratio:
					(P = 0.03)	4th vs. 1st quartile	4th vs. 1st quartile
					n.s.
	Study	Study population and study design	Sample size and response rate	Age,	Diseases that will linked to CVD	Arteriolar parameters	Venular parameters
				male %		β or mean, 95 % CI	β or mean, 95 % CI
10	Li LJ	Population‐based, cross‐sectional study	385	4–5 years	Hypertensive stage:	Calibre:	Calibre:
(2011)	STARS			50.7%	No vs. Yes	160.15 vs. 156.06 μm	n.s.
						(P = 0.02)
11	Sasongko MB	Clinic‐based, cross‐sectional study	944 out of 1159	12–20 years	T1DM duration:	Tortuosity:	Tortuosity:
(2010)	SPDS		81.4%	43.7%	each 3.3 years ↑	n.s.	n.s.
						Branching angle:	Branching angle:
						1.15 (0.52, 1.78)	n.s.
						(P = 0.045)	Optimality deviation (×102):
						Optimality deviation (×102):	1.29 (0.22, 2.35)
						1.29 (0.22, 2.35)	(P = 0.007)
						(P = 0.007)	Length–diameter ratio:
						Length–diameter ratio:	n.s.
						n.s.
12	Gopinath B	Australian adolescents	2353 out of 3144	12.7 years	Hypertensive stage:	Calibre:	Calibre:
(2010)	SCES	Population‐based, cross‐sectional study	75.3%	50.4%	No vs. Yes	151.9 vs. 149.9 μm	n.s.
						(P = 0.002)
13	Cheung N	Hospital based,	645 baseline with T1DM	12–20 years	DR:	Calibre:	Calibre:
(2009)		prospective cohort study	274 developed retinopathy	44.2%	HR = 1.46	each SD ↑	n.s.
		Median 2.5 years’ follow‐up			(1.22, 1.74)	SD = 18.90 μm	each SD ↑
					(P < 0.001)		SD = 22.63 μm
					HR = 0.82
					(0.69, 0.98)
					(P = 0.028)
14	Alibrahim E	Hospital based,	668 baseline with T1DM	12–20	DR:	Calibre:	Calibre:
(2006)		prospective cohort study	172 developed retinopathy	Years	OR = 1.44	each SD ↑	n.s.
		Median 3.1 years’ follow‐up	180 age, sex‐matched control	48.2%	(1.11. 1.86)
					(P = 0.006)

Abbreviation: 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HR, hazard ratio; STARS, the Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive Error Study in Singapore Chinese Preschoolers; SPDS, Sydney Pediatric Diabetes Study.