Figure 3. Schematic representation of the molecular pathways linking ageing, metabolism and cardiovascular disease .

ROS, reactive oxygen species; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NF‐kB, nuclear factor‐kappa B; AMPK, AMP‐activated protein kinase; FOXOs, Forkhead box O; IGF‐1, insulin growth factor‐1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.