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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Nutr Biochem. 2016 Feb 26;31:150–165. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.021

Figure 10.

Figure 10

Abundance of sulfidogenic and butyrate-producing bacteria in the intestinal mucosa of C57BL/6J mice fed a low fat (LF), high fat (HF) diet, or a HF diet containing extractable (HF-EP) or non-extractable (HF-NEP) polyphenols, an equal combination of the EP and NEP fractions (HF-EP+NEP), or grape powder (HF-GP) for 16 weeks. (A) Abundance of the sulfidogenic bacteria expressing dissimilatory sulfate reductase (dsrA) or taurine-pyruvate aminotransferase (tpa) were measured using qPCR targeting dsrA and tpa in the colonic mucosa. (B) The abundance of genes regulating butyrate production including hydroxybutyrate-CoA transferase (but) and butyrate kinase (buk) were measured in the colonic mucosa. Means ± SEM (n=8–10) are shown and significant differences between groups are indicated by * (p<0.05), ** (p<0.01), *** (p<0.001), or **** (p<0.0001) using Student’s t-test.