Table 1. Types of structural data used in integrative modeling.

Example methods that are informative about a variety of structural aspects of biomolecular systems are listed.

Structural information	Method
Atomic structures of parts of the studied system	X-ray and neutron crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, 3DEM, comparative modeling, and molecular docking
3D maps and 2D images	Electron microscopy and tomography
Atomic and protein distances	NMR, FRET and other fluorescence techniques, DEER, EPR, and other spectroscopic techniques; chemical crosslinks detected by mass spectrometry and disulfide bonds detected by gel electrophoresis
Binding site mapping	NMR spectroscopy, mutagenesis, FRET
Size, shape, and pairwise atomic distance distributions	SAS
Shape and size	Atomic force microscopy, ion mobility mass spectrometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence anisotropy
Component positions	Super-resolution optical microscopy, FRET imaging
Physical proximity	Co-purification, native mass spectrometry, genetic methods, and gene/protein sequence covariance
Solvent accessibility	Footprinting methods, including H/D exchange assessed by mass spectrometry or NMR, and even functional consequences of point mutations
Proximity between different genome segments	Chromosome Conformation Capture and other data
Propensities for different interaction modes	Molecular mechanics force fields, potentials of mean force, statistical potentials, and sequence co-variation