Fig. 19.5.
Comparison of cavitation index to selected bioeffects (Bader and Holland 2012). The line labeled ICAV=0.45 indicates the peak rarefractional pressure (Pr) required to initiate shell rupture of ultrasound contrast agents. The lines labeled ICAV=0.09 and ICAV=0.45 bordering the shaded region demarcate the parameter space over which subharmonic (SH) emissions from stable cavitation are likely. The cavitation index is well suited for predicting beneficial bioeffects associated with stable cavitation, such as drug delivery (Hitchcock et al. 2010; McDannold et al. 2008), sonoporation (Greenleaf et al. 1998; Miller and Dou 2004; Rahim et al. 2006; Juffermans et al. 2009) and sonothrombolysis (Porter et al. 2001; Prokop et al. 2007; Petit et al. 2012a). Beyond ICAV=0.45, subharmonic emissions originate from inertial cavitation. Bioeffects associated with inertial cavitation, such as petechial hemorrhage (Miller et al. 2008), occur at a cavitation index above 0.45