Table 2: Observed and expected* deaths between 2000 and 2012 for people admitted to provincial correctional facilities in Ontario in 2000, by ICD-9 chapter and for selected preventable causes of death.
| Cause of death | Observed deaths, no. | Expected deaths, no. | Standardized mortality ratio (95% CI) | Mean age at death, yr | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All deaths† | 4126 | 1037 | 4.0 (3.9-4.1) | 47.5 | |
| Cause unknown | 130 | - | - | 43.4 | |
| By ICD-9 chapter | |||||
| 1. Infectious and parasitic diseases | 224 | 30.2 | 7.4 (6.5-8.5) | 48.2 | |
| HIV | 96 | 11.4 | 8.5 (6.9-10.3) | 43.3 | |
| Sepsis | 24 | 7.5 | 3.2 (2.1-4.8) | 56.3 | |
| Viral hepatitis | 87 | 6.4 | 13.5 (10.8-16.7) | 51.1 | |
| 2. Neoplasms | 600 | 380.3 | 1.6 (1.5-1.7) | 56.1 | |
| Breast‡ | 7 | 7.5 | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | 54.7 | |
| Cervix‡ | ≤ 5** | ** | 3.6 (1.0-9.3) | 41.0 | |
| Colon, rectum and anus | 37 | 35.9 | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | 60.8 | |
| 3. Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders | 120 | 39.2 | 3.1 (2.5-3.7) | 52.4 | |
| Diabetes | 90 | 27.3 | 3.3 (2.7-4.1) | 53.3 | |
| 4. Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs | ≤ 5** | ** | 0.5 (0.1-1.9) | 44.5 | |
| 5. Mental disorders | 174 | 20.5 | 8.5 (7.3-9.9) | 47.5 | |
| 6. Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs | 61 | 36.3 | 1.7 (1.3-2.2) | 49.2 | |
| Epilepsy | 19 | 3.7 | 5.2 (3.1-8.1) | 46.3 | |
| 7. Diseases of the circulatory system | 653 | 212.9 | 3.1 (2.8-3.3) | 54.3 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 80 | 32.1 | 2.5 (2.0-3.1) | 54.8 | |
| Hypertensive disease | 15 | 5.1 | 3.0 (1.7-4.9) | 52.1 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 416 | 123.6 | 3.4 (3.1-3.7) | 55.7 | |
| 8. Diseases of the respiratory system | 135 | 46.5 | 2.9 (2.4-3.4) | 56.4 | |
| Pneumonia | 39 | 12.5 | 3.1 (2.2-4.3) | 55.1 | |
| 9. Diseases of the digestive system | 303 | 48.3 | 6.3 (5.6-7.0) | 51.5 | |
| 10. Diseases of the genitourinary system | 18 | 11.4 | 1.6 (0.9-2.5) | 57.7 | |
| 12. Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | ≤ 5** | ** | 3.1 (0.6-9.0) | 59.3 | |
| 13. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | ≤ 5** | ** | 0.3 (0.0-1.1) | 62.5 | |
| 14. Congenital anomalies | ≤ 5** | ** | 0.1 (0.0-0.8) | 50.0 | |
| 16. Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions | 123 | 32.6 | 3.8 (3.1-4.5) | 43.0 | |
| 17. Injury and poisoning | 1575 | 226.4 | 7.0 (6.6-7.3) | 39.9 | |
| Accidental falls | 59 | 8.8 | 6.7 (5.1-8.7) | 50.2 | |
| Events of undetermined intent | 132 | 15.2 | 8.7 (7.3-10.3) | 40.5 | |
| Excessive cold | 11 | 1.3 | 8.6 (4.3-15.4) | 47.3 | |
| Homicide | 169 | 11.4 | 14.8 (12.7-17.2) | 33.2 | |
| Legal intervention | 10 | 0.3 | 37.0 (17.8-68.1) | 34.0 | |
| Overdose | 563 | 27.7 | 20.3 (18.7-22.1) | 41.4 | |
| Suicide and self-inflicted injury | 340 | 78.4 | 4.3 (3.9-4.8) | 39.4 | |
| By risk factor§ | |||||
| Alcohol-related diseases | 243 | 6.1 | 40.0 (35.2-45.4) | 51.8 | |
| Drug-related diseases¶ | 58 | 4.0 | 14.5 (11.0-18.7) | 42.5 | |
| Smoking-related diseases | 337 | 52.5 | 6.4 (5.8-7.1) | 57.9 | |
Note: CI = confidence intervals. ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision.
*Expected rates are adjusted for age, and we used age groups of 5 years for people aged ≥ 15 in Canada in 2006, unless otherwise specified.
†Standardized to the Ontario population in 2006.
‡Includes women only.
§These are diseases that are attributable in whole or in part to the risk factor as defined by Statistics Canada,41 and these data include people aged 25 and older only.
¶For some age strata, the number of deaths was too low for Statistics Canada to report (i.e., < 5), and we assumed the maximum number of 4 expected deaths to provide the most conservative estimate of the standardized mortality ratio.
**To decrease the risk of identifying individuals, we indicated ≤ 5 in cells in which there were 5 or fewer observed deaths and left the number of expected deaths blank.