Table 2.
Study outcomes measured in included rodent studies.
| Category | Outcomes | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Behavior | Behavioral tests | • Measurement of learning, memory, motor skill, and anxiety like behavior |
| Neurogenesis | Ki-67 staining | • Cellular marker for proliferation |
| Doublecortin staining | • Marker for neurogenesis | |
| Immunohistochemistry | • Determination of phenotype of newly generated cells | |
| ◦ GFAP: astrocyte protein | ||
| ◦ Neuronal nuclear marker | ||
| ◦ MAP2a: mature neuron-specific protein | ||
| Neurotrophins | BDNF-, NT-3-, trkB-, and trkC- mRNAs | • BDNF and NT-3: neurotrophins |
| • TrkB and trkC: their high-affinity receptors | ||
| Synaptic proteins | NMDA receptor subunits: | • Glutamate receptor |
| NR1, NR2A, and NR2B | • Important for synaptic plasticity and memory | |
| AMPA receptor subunits: | • Non-NMDA glutamate receptor | |
| GluR1 and GluR2 | • Involved in plasticity and synaptic transmission | |
| Synaptophysin | • Involved in synaptic transmission | |
| STX-1 and STX-3 | • Plasma membrane syntaxins | |
| • Present in synaptic membranes and in neuronal growth cones | ||
| GAP-43 | • Growth associated protein | |
| Synapsin | • Involvement in neurotransmitter release, axonal elongation, and maintenance of synaptic contacts | |
| Cell signaling | CaMKII | • Signaling system |
| • Important in learning and memory | ||
| CREB staining | • Cellular transcription factor | |
| • Involvement in learning and memory | ||
| Akt protein determination | • Involvement in cell signaling (cell proliferation) | |
| Metabolic homeostasis | Glucocorticoids receptor, 11-beta-HSD1, ghrelin receptor, leptin receptor, p-AMPK, and SIRT1 | • Molecular systems that play dual roles on metabolism and synaptic plasticity |
| Oxidative stress | Amount of oxidized proteins | • Measurement of oxidative stress |
11-beta-HSD, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase; AMPA, Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BrdU, Bromodeoxyuridine; CaMKII, Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CREB, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein; GAP-43, Growth associated protein 43; GFAP, Glial fibrillary acid protein; GluR 1/2, Glutamate receptor 1/2; MAP2a, Microtubule-associated protein 2a; mRNA, Messenger ribonucleic acid; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; NR1/2A/2B, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1/2A/2B; NT-3, Neuriphin-3; p-AMPK, Phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; SIRT1, Sirtuin 1; STX-1/-3, Syntaxin 1/3; trkB/C, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B/C.