Table 5.

Included human studies combining physical exercise and nutritional intervention.

Study	Subjects	Intervention	Groups	Outcomes	Results
Alves et al., 2013	N = 56; women Age range: 60–80 years	Strength exercise 3 sets for 7 exercise, 2 × week Creatine: 5 g/day 24 weeks	Creatine (I), exe (II), creatine + exe (III), non creatine + non exercise (IV) N = 14 per group	MMSE, Stroop test, TMT, Digit span test, delay recall test	No sig. diff. for any of the variables
Cetin et al., 2010	N = 57; sedentary Age range: 69.6–73.1 years	Aerobic exercise 90 min, 3 × week Vitamin E 6 months	Exe (I), vitamin (II), exe + vitamin (III), non exe + non vitamin (IV) N = 14–15 per group	EEG (auditory oddball paradigm) Plasma total antioxidant capacity	P3 amplitude: no diff. P3 latency: (I), (II), (III) shorter latency compared to Pre-treatment and (I)+(II) shorter latency compared to control No diff. to control group or within a group after 6 months
van de Rest et al., 2014	N = 127; frail and Pre-frail Mean age: 79 ± 8 years	Strength exercise 2 × week Protein shake: twice daily 24 weeks	Exe + protein (I), exe + placebo (II), non exe+ protein (III), non exe + placebo (IV) N = 62 (exe), 65 (non-exe)	Word learning test, Digit Span Task, TMT A&B, Stroop Color-Word Test, Verbal Fluency Test Finger Pre-cuing task Interaction effects exe-protein	(I) vs. (III): improvement: information processing speed (II) vs. (IV): improvement: attention, working memory Reaction time: improved over time in all groups No sig. interaction on any of the cognitive domains

The studies are reported by subjects, intervention, groups, outcome measure, and results. EEG, Electroencephalography; Exe, Exercise; MMSE, Mini Mental Status Examination; TMT A/B, Trail Making Test A/B.