Table 1.

List of studies included in meta-analysis (study 1; k = 86)

	RAA measures reported			Study characteristics
Study	Experiential and instrumental attitudes	Injunctive and descriptive norm	Capacity and autonomy	Sample size (N)	Type of behavior	Sample type	Follow-up (weeks)
Abraham, Henderson, and Der (2004) [44]		✓		260a 2048b	Protection: using condoms	Adolescent/school: school children	Longer, 130
Armitage and Conner (1999a) [45]			✓	94	Protection: eating a low fat diet	Student	Shorter, 4
Armitage and Conner (1999b) [46]			✓	413	Protection: eating a low-fat diet	Adult: workforce	Longer, 13
Armitage, Conner, Loach, and Willetts (1999) [47]			✓	121	Risk: multiple drug behaviors, drink alcohol, smoke cannabis	Student	Shorter, 2
Berg, Jonsson, and Conner (2000) [48]		✓		1086a 1500b	Protection: healthy eating	Adolescent/school: school children	Shorter, 3
Bish, Sutton, and Golombok (2000) [49]		✓	✓	133	Detective: health screening	Adult: general public	Longer, 13
Blanchard et al. (2009a) [50]	✓			511	Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables	Student	Shorter, 1
Blanchard et al. (2009b) [51] Sample 1: Caucasian Sample 2: African American	✓ ✓			176 237	Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables	Student Student	Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2
Blanchard et al. (2008a) [52] Sample 1: Caucasian Sample 2: African American	✓ ✓			197 238	Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity	Student Student	Shorter, 1 Shorter, 1
Blanchard et al. (2008b) [53] Sample 1: Caucasian Sample 2: African American	✓ ✓			273 280	Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity	Student Student	Longer, 8 Longer, 8
Boudreau, Godin, Pineau, and Bradet (1995) [54]		✓		86	Protection: physical activity	Adult: workforce	Longer, 8
Bryan and Rocheleau (2002) [55]		✓		204	Protection: physical activity (aerobic and resistance exercise)	Student	Longer, 13
Chatzisarantis, Hagger, Wang, and Thogersen-Ntoumani (2009) [56]		✓		231	Protection: physical activity	Adolescent/school: school children	Longer, 5
Conner, Godin, Sheeran, and Germain (2012) [57]	✓	✓		1070	Other: donating blood	Adult: general public	Longer, 26
Conner and McMillan (1999) [58]		✓		118	Risk: using illegal drugs	Student	Longer, 13
Conner, Rhodes, Morris, McEachan, and Lawton (2011) [29] Study 1: Control group Study 2: Control group	✓ ✓	✓ ✓	✓ ✓	61 32	Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity	Student Student	Shorter, 3 Shorter, 3
Conner, Rodgers, and Murray (2007) [59]	✓	✓		146	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 1
Conner, Sherlock, and Orbell (1998), Study 2 [60]		✓	✓	123	Risk: using illegal drugs	Adult: general public	Longer, 8
de Bruijn, Keer, van den Putte, and Neijens (2012) [61]	✓			109	Protection: fruit consumption	Student	Shorter, 4
de Bruijn, Rhodes, and van Osch (2012) [62]	✓			415	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 3
de Bruijn, Verkooijen, de Vries, and van den Putte (2012) [63]	✓			413	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
de Vries, Backbier, Kok, and Dijkstra (1995) [40]		✓		401	Risk: smoking	Adolescent/school: school children	Longer, 26
Dunn, Mohr, Wilson, and Wittert (2011) [64]		✓	✓	401	Risk: fast food	Adult: general public	Shorter, 1
Elliott and Ainsworth (2012) [65]	✓	✓	✓	120	Risk: binge drinking	Student	Shorter, 2
Elliott and Thomson (2010) [66]	✓	✓	✓	1403	Risk: speeding	Adult: general public	Longer, 26
Ellis Gardner and Hausenblas (2004) [67]	✓			58c	Protection: exercising and eating a healthy diet	Adult: overweight women	Shorter, 4
Eves, Hoppe, and McLaren (2003) [68]	✓			133a 233b	Protection: six separate physical activity behaviors (e.g., aerobics, swimming)	Adult: general public	Shorter, 4
Giles, Liddell, and Bydawell (2005) [69]			✓	32	Protection: using condoms	Adolescent/school: young people	Shorter, 1
Giles, McClenahan, Cairns, and Mallet (2004) [70]			✓	55a 100b	Other: donating blood	Student	Shorter, 1
Godin, Anderson, Lambert, and Desharnais (2005) [71]		✓		740	Protection: physical activity	Adolescent/school: school children	Longer, 52
Hagger and Chatzisarantis (2005) [72] Study 1 Study 2	✓ ✓	✓ ✓	✓ ✓	523 596	Protection: dieting Protection: exercise	Student Adult: workforce	Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2
Hoie, Moan, Rise, and Larsen (2012) [73] Sample 1: Young people Sample 2: General Public	✓ ✓	✓ ✓		174 272	Other: Quitting smoking Other: Quitting smoking	Adolescent/school: young people Adult: general public	Longer, 13 Longer, 13
Jackson, Smith, and Conner (2003) [74]		✓	✓	85	Protection: physical activity	Adult: workforce	Longer, 8
Karvinen et al. (2009) [75]	✓	✓		397	Protection: physical activity	Adult: patient	Longer, 12
Kellar and Abraham (2005) [76] control group			✓	69	Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables	Student	Shorter, 1
Kraft, Rise, Sutton, and Roysamb (2005) [77]	✓		✓	110	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
Lawton, Ashley, Dawson, Waiblinger, and Conner (2012) [78] Sample 1: White British Sample 2: South Asian	✓ ✓	✓ ✓	✓ ✓	71 113	Other: breastfeeding Other: breastfeeding	Adult: pregnant mothers Adult: pregnant mothers	Longer, 26 Longer, 26
Lawton, Conner, and McEachan (2009) [25]	✓	✓	✓	390	Multiple Risk (binge drinking, alcohol, illegal drugs, smoking exceeding speed limit) Protection (brushing teeth, exercising, flossing, fruit and vegetable consumption, low fat diet, physical activity, self-examination, sunscreen use, vitamin use)	General public	Shorter, 4
Lowe, Eves, and Carroll (2002) [79]	✓			365	Protection: physical activity	Adult: general public	Longer, 26
McEachan, Sutton, and Myers (2010) [80]	✓	✓	✓	397a 418b	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
McMillan and Conner (2003) [81]		✓		139	Risk: using illegal drugs	Student	Longer, 26
McMillan et al. (2008) [82]		✓		248	Other: breastfeeding	Adult: general public	Longer, 6
McMillan, Higgins, and Conner (2005) [83]		✓		620a 741b	Other: not initiating smoking	Adolescent/school: school children	Longer, 13
Molla, Astrom, and Berhane (2007) [84]		✓		743	Protection: using condoms	Adult: general public	Longer, 12
Myers and Horswill (2006) [85]			✓	46	Protection: using sunscreen	Student	Longer, 16
Norman (2011) [86]			✓	109a 137b	Risk: binge drinking	Student	Shorter, 4
Norman, Armitage, and Quigley (2007) [87]			✓	79a 94b	Risk: binge drinking	Student	Shorter, 1
Norman and Conner (2006) [88]			✓	273a 398b	Risk: binge drinking	Student	Shorter, 1
Norman and Hoyle (2004) [89]			✓	95	Detective: breast self-examination	Adult: workforce	Shorter, 4
Payne, Jones, and Harris (2002) [90]			✓	199	Protection: physical activity	Adult: workforce	Shorter, 1
Payne, Jones, and Harris (2004) [91]	✓			296	Protection: physical activity and healthy eating	Adult: workforce	Shorter, 1
Plotnikoff, Courneya, Trinh, Karunamuni, and Sigal (2008) [92]		✓		244	Protection: physical activity	Adult: patient	Longer, 12
Povey, Conner, Sparks, James, and Shepherd (2000a) [93]		✓		234a 242b	Protection: healthy eating	Adult: general public	Shorter, 2
Povey, Conner, Sparks, James, and Shepherd (2000b) [94] Sample 1 Sample 2			✓ ✓	143 144	Protection: eating a low-fat diet Protection: eating five fruit and vegetables	Adult: general public Adult: general public	Shorter, 4 Shorter, 4
Raudsepp, Viira, and Hannus (2010) [95]	✓			236	Protection: physical activity	Adolescent/school: school children	Longer, 52
Rhodes and Blanchard (2008) [96], sample 2	✓			174	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
Rhodes, Blanchard, Matheson, and Coble (2006) [97]	✓			230	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
Rhodes and Courneya (2003) [98]	✓			305	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 4
Rhodes and Courneya (2005) [99]	✓			585	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
Rhodes, Courneya, Blanchard, and Plotnikoff (2007) [100]	✓			358	Protection: physical activity	Adult: general public	Longer, 8
Rhodes, de Bruijn, and Matheson (2010a) [101]	✓			153	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
Rhodes, Jones, and Courneya (2002) [102]	✓			192	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
Rhodes and Matheson (2005) [103]	✓			241	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 2
Rhodes, Matheson, and Mark (2010) [104] Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4	✓ ✓ ✓ ✓	✓ ✓ ✓ ✓	✓ ✓ ✓ ✓	111 100 99 101	Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity Protection: physical activity	Student Student Student Student	Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2 Shorter, 2
Rise, Kovac, Kraft, and Moan (2008) [105]	✓	✓		103	Other: quitting smoking	Student	Longer, 16
Rivis and Sheeran (2003b) [106]		✓		225a 333b	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter: 2
Rodgers, Conner, and Murray (2008) [19], study 1			✓	278	Protection: physical activity	Student	Shorter, 1
Schutz et al. (2011) [107] Scott, Eves, French, and Hoppe (2007) [108], study 2	✓	✓		237 130a 139b	Protection: using condoms Protection: physical activity	Adult: males Adult: army trainees	Longer, 26 Shorter, 1
Scott et al. (2010) [109]	✓			186	Protection: physical activity	Adult: army trainees	Shorter, 1
Shankar, Conner, and Bodansky (2007) [110]	✓		✓	54	Detective: checking blood glucose levels	Adult: patient	Shorter, 2
Sieverding, Matterne, and Ciccarello (2010) [111]		✓		2307	Detective: health screening	Adult: general public	Longer, 52
Victoir, Eertmans, Van den Bergh, and Van den Broucke (2005) [112]	✓			80	Protection: safe driving	Adult: general public	Shorter, 1
Wilkinson and Abraham (2004) [113]	✓	✓		225	Risk: smoking	Adolescent/school: school children	Longer, 26
Woolfson and Maguire (2010) [114]			✓	62	Risk: binge drinking	Student	Shorter, 4
Number of tests (k)d	49e	42f	36

^aSample size for relationships with behavior

^bSample size for relationships with intention

^cPooled sample size (69 for exercise, 46 for diet)

^dThree studies failed to report intention–behavior correlation [40, 107, 111] resulting in k = 83 tests

^eTwo studies failed to report correlation of experiential or instrumental attitude with behavior [68] or intention and behavior [113]

^fTwo studies failed to report correlation of descriptive norm with behavior [84] or descriptive norm and injunctive norm with behavior [111]