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. 2016 May 11;50:592–612. doi: 10.1007/s12160-016-9798-4

Table 3.

Moderator analyses

Moderator Q value df Subsample k r + 95 % CI I 2 % Het
Intention–behavior Type of behaviora 6.13* 1 Protection 59 0.479 0.434–0.522 91.9 10.40
Risk 13 0.599 0.515–0.672 86.2
Type of sample 1.74 2 School 9 0.443 0.322–0.551 87.8 2.20
Students 41 0.516 0.464–0.565 87.9
Older 28 0.479 0.413–0.540 94.3
Length of follow-up 6.45* 1 Shorter 53 0.517 0.471–0.561 90.9 4.20
Longer 30 0.414 0.345–0.479 93.1
Experiential attitude–behavior Type of behaviora 10.03* 1 Protection 38 0.304 0.262–0.345 76.3 0.00
Risk 3 0.525 0.399–0.630 89.9
Type of sample 0.00 1 School 2 –
Students 28 0.306 0.254–0.357 79.6 0.00
Older 14 0.308 0.234–0.378 68.2
Length of follow-up 3.44 1 Shorter 34 0.323 0.277–0.368 84.7 6.00
Longer 13 0.242 0.166–0.315 84.7
Instrumental attitude–behavior Type of behaviora 10.09* 1 Protection 38 0.186 0.132–0.239 85.9 16.70
Risk 3 0.475 0.311–0.612 25.2
Type of sample 0.81 1 School 2 –
Students 28 0.183 0.117–0.247 87.3 4.00
Older 14 0.234 0.144–0.321 88.3
Length of follow-up 0.02 1 Shorter 34 0.197 0.136–0.256 86.7 0.00
Longer 13 0.188 0.093–0.280 89.5
Injunctive norm–behavior Type of behaviora 3.97* 1 Protection 23 0.211 0.162–0.258 70.5 18.00
Risk 9 0.299 0.226–0.369 73.5
Type of sample 4.46 2 School 7 0.269 0.184–0.351 76.5 0.00
Students 15 0.261 0.193–0.327 54.0
Older 17 0.179 0.118–0.238 84.8
Length of follow-up 2.21 1 Shorter 16 0.258 0.194–0.319 70.8 0.00
Longer 24 0.196 0.145–0.247 81.2
Descriptive norm–behavior Type of behaviora 8.15* 1 Protection 23 0.258 0.208–0.306 74.0 26.70
Risk 9 0.386 0.313–0.454 76.2
Type of sample 11.93* 2 School 7 0.393 0.301–0.478 91.7 10.50
Students 15 0.291 0.214–0.363 54.2
Older 17 0.193 0.124–0.261 85.7
Length of follow-up 0.09 1 Shorter 16 0.274 0.199–0.346 66.5 0.00
Longer 24 0.260 0.200–0.318 88.9
Autonomy–behavior Type of behaviora 0.59 1 Protection 21 0.208 0.141–0.272 80.6 0.00
Risk 10 0.165 0.071–0.255 56.3
Type of sample 0.74 1 School 0 –
Students 19 0.164 0.095–0.231 50.5 6.30
Older 15 0.207 0.131–0.278 83.9
Length of follow-up 0.02 1 Shorter 28 0.190 0.131–0.247 78.4 0.00
Longer 8 0.181 0.072–0.286 46.2
Capacity–behavior Type of behaviora 0.05 1 Protection 21 0.400 0.335–0.461 76.1 0.00
Risk 10 0.412 0.321–0.494 84.5
Type of sample 0.42 1 School 1 –
Students 19 0.380 0.312–0.444 66.2 9.10
Older 16 0.411 0.343–0.475 84.5
Length of follow-up 0.83 1 Shorter 29 0.403 0.346–0.457 69.8 0.00
Longer 8 0.346 0.233–0.451 91.2
Experiential attitude–intention Type of behaviora 4.12* 1 Protection 39 0.536 0.487–0.582 89.6 0.00
Risk 3 0.694 0.549–0.799 96.0
Type of sample 1.80 1 School 2 –
Students 28 0.571 0.514–0.622 89.6 0.00
Older 15 0.505 0.420–0.582 93.2
Instrumental attitude–intention Type of behavior 5.89* 1 Protection 39 0.373 0.311–0.431 91.4 4.40
Type of sample 0.89 1 School 2 –
Students 28 0.282 0.316–0.446 91.4 5.30
Older 15 0.435 0.347–0.515 87.6
Injunctive norm–intention Type of behaviora 0.10 1 Protection 24 0.378 0.319–0.435 86.6 0.00
Risk 9 0.396 0.301–0.483 92.9
Type of sample 0.84 2 School 7 0.366 0.277–0.449 87.8 0.00
Students 15 0.365 0.295–0.430 79.7
Older 18 0.401 0.344–0.455 88.5
Descriptive norm–intention Type of behaviora 3.22 1 Protection 23 0.346 0.298–0.392 75.6 0.00
Risk 8 0.425 0.351–0.493 89.1
Type of sample 1.34 2 School 7 0.378 0.292–0.459 73.6 7.10
Students 15 0.362 0.294–0.427 79.2
Older 18 0.324 0.265–0.381 89.6
Autonomy–intention Type of behaviora 1.47 1 Protection 21 0.287 0.195–0.374 91.5 0.00
Risk 10 0.189 0.054–0.317 72.9
Type of sample 0.51 1 School 0 –
Students 19 0.235 0.131–0.333 87.3 0.00
Older 15 0.288 0.178–0.392 92.4
Capacity–intention Type of behaviora 0.38 1 Protection 20 0.606 0.540–0.665 90.2 0.00
Risk 10 0.572 0.474–0.656 84.6
Type of sample 0.41 1 School 1 –
Students 19 0.615 0.548–0.675 90.4 0.00
Older 15 0.584 0.506–0.653 86.9
Experiential attitude–instrumental attitude Type of behaviora 1.01 1 Protection 37 0.462 0.409–0.511 89.0 0.00
Risk 3 0.551 0.375–0.688 86.5
Type of sample 0.49 1 School 2 –
Students 28 0.469 0.411–0.522 86.8 0.00
Older 13 0.433 0.345–0.513 91.3
Injunctive norm–descriptive norm Type of behaviora 0.73 1 Protection 24 0.382 0.292–0.466 89.9 0.00
Risk 9 0.452 0.312–0.572 98.2
Type of sample 2.72 2 School 7 0.277 0.127–0.415 91.7 0.00
Students 15 0.395 0.294–0.487 85.0
Older 18 0.413 0.326–0.493 85.0
Autonomy–capacity Type of behaviora 14.80* 1 Protection 21 0.529 0.443–0.606 93.4 36.80
Risk 10 0.202 0.044–0.349 86.2
Type of sample 0.17 1 School 0 –
Students 19 0.449 0.327–0.557 94.6 0.00
Older 15 0.413 0.272–0.536 95.1

df degrees of freedom for Q test, Subsample groups compared for significant Qs, k total number of studies in subsample, r + frequency-weighted correlation for each subsample, 95 % CI 95 % confidence interval around r + for each subsample, I 2 I-squared for each subsample, %Het percentage of heterogeneity explained for significant moderators

* p < .05

aLawton et al. [25] assessed both risk and preventive behavior and was included in both subsamples with sample size halved